- Source: Women in war
- Source: Women in War
Throughout history, women have assumed diverse roles during periods of war, contributing to war efforts in various capacities.
In more ancient times, women often accompanied armies on campaigns, primarily taking on roles such as cooking, laundry, and other support tasks as relations or camp followers. They contributed by tending to the wounded, preparing basic medical supplies, and assisting with various logistical needs of the soldiers. Over time, as warfare evolved, women's roles expanded, including work in areas like munitions production by the mid-19th century.
During World War I and World War II, the primary role of women shifted towards employment in munitions factories, agriculture and food rationing, and other areas to fill the gaps left by men who had been drafted into the military. One of the most notable changes during World War II was the inclusion of many of women in regular military units. In several countries, including the Soviet Union, Nazi Germany, and the United Kingdom in the European Theater, as well as China and Imperial Japan in the Pacific Theater, women served in combat roles, such as anti-aircraft warfare, guerrilla warfare, and direct engagement in frontline battles. Additionally, women were also active in underground and resistance movements.
After 1945, the roles available to women in major armies were significantly reduced. However, beginning in the 1970s, women gradually assumed increasing roles in the military of major nations, eventually including combat positions such as pilots by 2005 in the United States. These new combat roles sparked controversy, with debates centered around differences in physical capabilities between the sexes and issues related to gender identity for both women and men.
History
History of women in the military
Uprisings led by women
Women in warfare and the military in the ancient era
Women in warfare and the military in the medieval era
Women in the Crusades
Roles of women, children, and class
Women in warfare and the military in the early modern era
Timeline of women in early modern warfare
Women in warfare and the military (1750–1799)
Women in the American Revolution
Women in the French Revolution
Women in the Haitian Revolution
Women in warfare and the military in the 19th century
List of female American Civil War soldiers
Timeline of women in 19th century warfare
Women in warfare and the military (1900–1939)
Women in warfare and the military (1900–1945)
Women in warfare and the military (1945–1999)
World War I
Women's roles in the World Wars
Women in the World War I
Home front during World War I
Australian women during World War I
Belgium in World War I
British home front during the First World War
Canadian women during the World Wars
History of Germany during World War I
Women in the Russian Revolution
United States home front during World War I
Interwar period
Women in the Spanish Civil War
World War II
Women's roles in the World Wars
Code Girls
Home front during World War II
Housewives' demonstrations – Women protest poverty and rationing in WW2 FrancePages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
United States home front during World War II
Canadian women during the World Wars
Soviet women in World War II
Sexual violence during the Holocaust
Cold War
Women in the North Korean Revolution
Women in the Cuban Revolution
Women in the Algerian War
Women in the Vietnam War
Role of women in the Nicaraguan Revolution
Women in the Soviet–Afghan War
Women in the Iran–Iraq War
21st century conflicts
Women in the war in Donbas (2014–2022)
Women in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
Women in the 2023 Israel–Hamas war
Contemporary
Women in the military by country
Women in the military in the Americas
Women in the military in Europe
Women in warfare and the military (2000–present)
Women in combat
Women in the military
See also
Gender in security studies
Wartime cross-dressing
List of wartime cross-dressers
Timeline of women in warfare in the United States from 1900 to 1949
Timeline of women in war in the United States, Pre-1945
Timeline of women in warfare in the United States from 1950 to 1999
Timeline of women in warfare and the military in the United States, 2000–2010
Timeline of women in warfare and the military in the United States from 2011–present
Women in the decolonisation of Africa
Notes
Further reading
Carter, Susanne. “Reshaping the War Experience: Women’s War Fiction.” Feminist Teacher, vol. 7, no. 1, 1992, pp. 14–19. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/40545631. Accessed 20 Sept. 2024.
Clarke, R.D., 2022. Women and/in War. In: Kurtz, L.R. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace, and Conflict, vol. 2. Elsevier, Academic Press, pp. 332–343. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-820195-4.00114-X.
Cook, Bernard, ed. Women and War: Historical Encyclopedia from Antiquity to the Present (2006).
Elshtain, Jean Bethke. Women and War (1995)
Elshtain Jean, and Sheila Tobias, eds. Women, Militarism, and War (1990)
Goodall, Heather, et al. “Women and War.” Teacher for Justice: Lucy Woodcock’s Transnational Life, ANU Press, 2019, pp. 145–66. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvp7d59b.13. Accessed 20 Sept. 2024.
Hacker, Barton C. and Margaret Vining, eds. A Companion to Women's Military History (Brill, 2012), 625pp; 16 long essays by leading scholars stretching from the Ancient to the contemporary world
Jones, David. Women Warriors: A History (Brassey's, 1997)
Pennington, Reina. Amazons to Fighter Pilots: A Biographical Dictionary of Military Women (2003).
Salmonson, Jessica Amanda. The Encyclopedia of Amazons: Women Warriors from Antiquity to the Modern Era (1991).
Summerfield, Penny. “Gender and War in the Twentieth Century.” The International History Review, vol. 19, no. 1, 1997, pp. 2–15. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/40108080. Accessed 20 Sept. 2024.
Women in War is a 1940 American war film about the nurses of the British Voluntary Aid Detachment during the Battle of France. Directed by John H. Auer and starring Wendy Barrie, Elsie Janis and Patric Knowles, it was nominated for an Oscar for Best Visual Effects (Howard Lydecker, William Bradford, Ellis J. Thackery, Herbert Norsch).
Plot
Socialite Pamela Starr meets Mr Tedford, an older man in a London night club. After he escorts her home he tries to enter her flat feeling he has deserved the right to sleep with her as he has paid for her entertainment. Pamela thrusts a £5 note in his hands as reimbursement and attempts to enter her room but Tedford will not let her. The spirited Pamela strikes the drunken Tedford sending him across the landing where he crashes through a railing over the stairwell sending Tedford to his death.
The ensuing court case does not go well for Pamela as her playgirl lifestyle is paraded as evidence against her, and to Pamela's surprise, Mr. Tedford was actually a British Army captain on leave from the war front. Watching the trial is Matron O'Neil, who was formerly Pamela's mother until she divorced her husband and left to go nursing around the troubled world to help those in need. Pamela had never known her mother and her late libertine father had denied her moral leadership and discipline in raising her. O'Neil and Pamela's defence solicitor concoct an arrangement where Pamela will not be charged with Tedford's death if she volunteers to be an Army nurse in France. Pamela is assigned to a VAD Detachment led by Matron O'Neil with Pamela still unaware that O'Neil is her mother.
Pamela's infamous reputation precedes her and furthermore the fiancée of one of her fellow nurses, Flt. Lt. Larry Hall of the RAF falls in love with Pamela. The tensions of the nurses continue as their detachment is sent to a dangerous area of the battle line.
Cast
Elsie Janis as Matron O'Neil, formerly Mrs. Starr
Wendy Barrie as Pamela Starr
Patric Knowles as Flt Lt. Larry Hall
Mae Clarke as Gail Halliday
Dennie Moore as Ginger
Dorothy Peterson as Sister Frances
Billy Gilbert as Pierre, the Cobbler
Colin Tapley as Capt. Tedford, the Masher
Stanley Logan as Col. Starr
Barbara Pepper as Millie, Irish Nurse
Pamela Randell as Phyllis Grant, Nurse
Lawrence Grant as Sir Gordon, Defense Attorney
Lester Matthews as Sir Humphrey, Prosecuting attorney
Holmes Herbert as Chief Justice
Peter Cushing as Capt. Evans
References
External links
Women in War at IMDb
Women in War at AllMovie
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