- Source: Word formation
- Source: Word Formation
In linguistics, word formation is an ambiguous term that can refer to either:
the processes through which words can change (i.e. morphology), or
the creation of new lexemes in a particular language
Morphological
A common method of word formation is the attachment of inflectional or derivational affixes.
= Derivation
=Examples include:
the words governor, government, governable, misgovern, ex-governor, and ungovernable are all derived from the base word (to) govern
= Inflection
=Inflection is modifying a word for the purpose of fitting it into the grammatical structure of a sentence. For example:
manages and managed are inflected from the base word (to) manage
worked is inflected from the verb (to) work
talks, talked, and talking are inflected from the base (to) talk
Nonmorphological
= Abbreviation
=Examples includes:
etc. from et cetera
= Acronyms & Initialisms
=An acronym is a word formed from the first letters of other words. For example:
NASA is the acronym for National Aeronautics and Space Administration
IJAL (pronounced /aidʒæl/) is the acronym for International Journal of American Linguistics
Acronyms are usually written entirely in capital letters, though some words originating as acronyms, like radar, are now treated as common nouns.
Initialisms are similar to acronyms, but where the letters are pronounced as a series of letters. For example:
ATM for Automated Teller Machine
SIA for Singapore International Airlines
= Back-formation
=In linguistics, back-formation is the process of forming a new word by removing actual affixes, or parts of the word that is re-analyzed as an affix, from other words to create a base. Examples include:
the verb headhunt is a back-formation of headhunter
the verb edit is formed from the noun editor
the word televise is a back-formation of television
The process is motivated by analogy: edit is to editor as act is to actor. This process leads to a lot of denominal verbs.
The productivity of back-formation is limited, with the most productive forms of back-formation being hypocoristics.
= Blending
=A lexical blend is a complex word typically made of two word fragments. For example:
smog is a blend of smoke and fog
brunch is a blend of breakfast and lunch.
stagflation is a blend of stagnation and inflation
chunnel is a blend of channel and tunnel, referring to the Channel Tunnel
Although blending is listed under the Nonmorphological heading, there are debates as to how far blending is a matter of morphology.
= Compounding
=Compounding is the processing of combining two bases, where each base may be a fully-fledged word. For example:
desktop is formed by combining desk and top
railway is formed by combining rail and way
firefighter is formed by combining fire and fighter
Compounding is a topic relevant to syntax, semantics, and morphology.
Hashtagging as word formation
Linguists argue that hashtags are words and hashtagging is a morphological process. Social media users view the syntax of existing viral hashtags as guiding principles for creating new ones. A hashtag's popularity is therefore influenced more by the presence of popular hashtags with similar syntactic patterns than by its conciseness and clarity.
Word formation vs. Semantic change
There are processes for forming new dictionary items which are not considered under the umbrella of word formation. One specific example is semantic change, which is a change in a single word's meaning. The boundary between word formation and semantic change can be difficult to define as a new use of an old word can be seen as a new word derived from an old one and identical to it in form.
References
See also
Neologism
The Word Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period. It is probably named for the Old Word Ranch in the Glass Mountains of Brewster County.
Defining formation
The Wordian age of the Permian Period is named for the Word Formation.
Subdivisions
The formation is subdivided into three members, from young to old:
Appel Ranch - Wordian
China Tank - Roadian
Willis Ranch - Roadian
Fossil content
The limestone formation contains marine gastropods, brachiopods and ammonites.
= Vertebrate paleofauna
=Helicoprion davisii
See also
List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
Paleontology in Texas
References
Further reading
M. Kelly and R. Zangerl. 1976. Helicoprion (Edestidae) in the Permian of West Texas. Journal of Paleontology 50(5):992-994
G. A. Cooper and R. E. Grant. 1972. Permian brachiopods of west Texas, I. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 14:1-231
R. L. Batten. 1958. Permian Gastropoda of the southwestern United States. 2. Pleurotomariacea: Portlockiellidae, Phymatopleuridae, and Eotomariidae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 114(2):153-246
E. L. Yochelson. 1956. Permian Gastropoda of the southwestern United States. 1. Euomphalacea, Trochonematacea, Pesudophoracea, Anomphalacea, Craspedostomatacea, and Platyceratacea. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 110(3):173-276
A. K. Miller and W. M. Furnish. 1940. Permian ammonoids of the Guadalupe Mountain region and adjacent area. Geological Society of America Special Paper 26:1-242
F. B. Plummer and G. Scott. 1937. Upper Paleozoic ammonites in Texas. The University of Texas Bulletin 3701:1-516
R. E. King. 1931. The Geology of the Glass Mountains, Texas, Part II, Faunal summary and correlation of the Permian formations with description of Brachiopoda. The University of Texas Bulletin 3042:1-245
G. H. Girty. 1909. The Guadalupian fauna. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 58:1-651
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- Word formation
- Word Formation
- Conversion (word formation)
- Morphology (linguistics)
- Nonce word
- Blend word
- Word
- Longest words
- English Word-Formation
- Kannauji language
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