badan penegak hukum federal di amerika serikat

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    Pemerintah Amerika Serikat memberdayakan berbagai lembaga penegak hukum federal untuk menegakan hukum dan menjaga ketertiban terkait bidang-bidang yang dibebani kepada masing-masing agensi atau lembaga penegak hukum federal.
    Penegak hukum federal memiliki hak dan kedudukan yang sama dengan kepolisian setempat, yakni hak untuk menginvestigasi, menindak, dan menangkap. Walaupun kedudukan petugas kepolisian dan agen federal sama, kedua-duanya terkadang berlomba-lomba untuk memecahkan kasus. Namun pada beberapa perkara, mereka terlibat dalam satu kasus dan bersama-sama menangani kasus tersebut.
    Mayoritas lembaga kepolisian federal bekerja dibawah kepengawasan Kementerian Kehakiman AS, terdapat pula puluhan lainnya bekerja di bawah departemen eksekutif seperti lembaga legislatif dan yudikatif pemerintah AS.
    Kementerian Kehakiman AS (Department of Justice) masih menjadi badan penegak hukum dengan jumlah lembaga kepolisian federal terbanyak dan paling dikenal di antara banyak lembaga federal lainnya dari kementerian yang berbeda. Lembaga-lembaga kepolisian federal yang bekerja di bawah Departemen Kehakiman telah menangani sebagian besar tugas penegakan hukum di tingkat federal sejak dahulu, seperti United States Marshals Service (USMS), Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF), Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP), dan lain-lain.
    Namun, Departemen Keamanan Dalam Negeri Amerika Serikat (Department of Homeland Security) menjadi kementerian dengan petugas dan agen penegak hukum federal yang paling dipersenjatai. Setiap agen disumpah untuk menjadi agen federal.

    Departemen Keamanan Dalam Negeri Amerika Serikat memiliki lembaga kepolisian federal yang menangani isu sosial, pidana serius, kejadian terorisme, serta ancaman kepada negara baik secara terang-terangan atau sembunyi-sembunyi, lembaga-lembaga besar tersebut seperti US Immigration and Customs Enforcement Homeland Security Investigations (HSI), US Secret Service (USSS), US Coast Guard (USCG), Transportation Security Administration (TSA), dan US Customs and Border Protection (CBP).


    Sejarah


    Penegak hukum federal di Amerika Serikat berusia lebih dari dua ratus tahun. Misalnya, Postal Inspection Service atau Layanan Inspeksi Pos sejak tahun 1772. Sedangkan US Marshals Service atau Marshal AS didirikan sejak tahun 1789.
    Lembaga-lembaga terkenal lain, seperti FBI relatif baru, didirikan pada awal abad kedua puluh. Badan-badan lain telah direformasi, seperti ATF yang diresmikan kembali pada tahun 1972, yang sebelumnya pernah beroperasi pada tahun 1886.


    Daftar lembaga dan agensi federal




    = Kepengawasan Lembaga Eksekutif

    =


    Kementerian Agrikultur


    Office of the Secretary of Agriculture
    Protective Operations Division (POD)
    Office of Inspector General (USDA-OIG)
    United States Forest Service (USFS)
    U.S. Forest Service Law Enforcement & Investigations (USFS LEI)


    Kementerian Perdagangan


    Office of Inspector General (DOC-OIG)
    Office of Security (DOC OS)
    US Commerce Department Police
    Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS)
    Office of Export Enforcement (OEE)
    National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
    National Institute of Standards and Technology Police
    National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
    National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)
    Office of Law Enforcement (OLE)


    Kementerian Pertahanan


    Office of Inspector General (DOD-OIG)
    Defense Criminal Investigative Service (DCIS)
    Pentagon Force Protection Agency (PFPA)
    United States Pentagon Police (USPPD)
    Department of Defense Police (DOD Police) ("DOD Police" refers to any civilian engaged in police duties for the DOD and the US Armed Forces).
    Defense Logistics Agency (DLA)
    Defense Logistics Agency Police
    National Security Agency (NSA)
    National Security Agency Police
    Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA)
    Defense Intelligence Agency Police
    National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA)
    National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency Police
    Angkatan Darat
    United States Army Criminal Investigation Division (USACID)
    United States Army Counterintelligence (ACI)
    United States Army Military Police Corps (USAMPC)
    Department of the Army Civilian Police (DACP)
    includes Department of the Army Civilian Guards (DASG) United States Army Corrections Command (USACC)
    Angkatan Laut
    Naval Criminal Investigative Service (NCIS)
    United States Marine Corps Criminal Investigation Division (USMC CID)
    Master-at-arms (military police)
    Department of the Navy Police (civilian police)
    United States Marine Corps Military Police
    United States Marine Corps Civilian Police
    Angkatan Udara
    United States Air Force Office of Special Investigations (AFOSI)
    Air Force Security Forces Center (AFSFC)
    United States Air Force Security Forces (military police)
    Department of the Air Force Police (civilian police)


    Kementerian Pendidikan


    Office of Inspector General (ED-OIG)
    Protective Service Division (ED-PSD)
    Office for Civil Rights (OCR)


    Kementerian Sumber Daya Alam


    Office of Inspector General (DOE-OIG)
    Office of Health, Safety and Security (DOE-HSS)
    National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)
    Office of Secure Transportation (OST)
    Federal Protective Forces


    Kementerian Kesehatan dan Layanan Masyarakat


    Office of Inspector General (HHS-OIG)
    United States Food and Drug Administration (HHSFDA)
    Office of Criminal Investigations (OCI)
    National Institutes of Health (NIH)
    National Institutes of Health Police


    Kementerian Keamanan Dalam Negeri


    Office of Inspector General (DHS-OIG)
    Federal Protective Service (FPS)
    Federal Law Enforcement Training Centers (FLETC)
    Office of the Chief Security Officer (OCSO)
    United States Coast Guard (USCG)
    Coast Guard Investigative Service (CGIS)
    United States Coast Guard Police (CGPD)
    United States Customs and Border Protection (CBP)
    United States Border Patrol (USBP)
    CBP Air and Marine Operations (AMO)
    CBP Office of Field Operations (OFO)
    Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
    Mount Weather Emergency Operations Center
    Mount Weather Emergency Operations Center Police
    Office of Chief Security Officer (OCSO)
    United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)
    Homeland Security Investigations (HSI)
    Enforcement Removal Operations (ERO)
    Office of Intelligence
    Office of Professional Responsibility (OPR)
    United States Secret Service (USSS)
    United States Secret Service Uniformed Division (USSS UD)
    Transportation Security Administration (TSA)
    Office of Law Enforcement (OLE)/Federal Air Marshal Service (FAMS)
    Federal Flight Deck Officer (FFDO)
    Office of Inspection (OI)
    United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS)
    Fraud Detection and National Security Directorate (FDNS)


    Kementerian Perumahan dan Pembangunan Sipil


    Office of Inspector General (HUD-OIG)
    Protective Service Division (HUD-PSD)


    Kementerian Dalam Negeri


    Office of Inspector General (DOI-OIG)
    Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)
    Office of Justice Services
    Bureau of Indian Affairs Police
    Bureau of Land Management (BLM)
    Office of Law Enforcement
    United States Bureau of Reclamation (BOR)
    Security Response Force (SRF)
    National Park Service (NPS)
    U.S. Park Ranger
    United States Park Police
    Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement (OSMRE)
    United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)
    Office of Law Enforcement (FWS OLE)
    Division of Refuge Law Enforcement


    Kementerian Kehakiman


    Office of the Inspector General (DOJ-OIG)
    Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF)
    Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)
    Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
    FBI Police
    FBI Academy
    Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP)
    United States Marshals Service (USMS)
    Office of Professional Responsibility (DOJ OPR)


    Kementerian Ketenagakerjaan


    Office of Inspector General (DOL-OIG)


    Kementerian Luar Negeri


    Office of Inspector General (DOS-OIG)
    Bureau of Diplomatic Security (DS)
    Diplomatic Security Service (DSS)


    Kementerian Transportasi


    Office of Inspector General (DOT-OIG)
    United States Merchant Marine Academy
    Department of Public Safety (USMMADPS)
    National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
    Office of Odometer Fraud Investigation (OFI)


    Kementerian Keuangan Negara


    Office of Inspector General (USDT-OIG)
    Bureau of Engraving and Printing
    Bureau of Engraving and Printing Police
    Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FINCEN)
    Internal Revenue Service (IRS)
    Criminal Investigation (IRS-CI)
    United States Mint Police (USMP)
    Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration (TIGTA)
    Special Inspector General for Pandemic Recovery (SIGPR)
    Special Inspector General for the Troubled Asset Relief Program (SIGTARP)


    Kementerian Urusan Veteran


    Office of Inspector General (VA-OIG)
    Veterans Affairs Police


    = Kepengawasan Lembaga Legislatif

    =
    Sergeant at Arms of the United States House of Representatives
    Sergeant at Arms of the United States Senate
    United States Capitol Police (USCP)
    Office of Inspector General (USCP OIG)
    Office of Professional Responsibility (USCP OPR)


    = Kepengawasan Lembaga Yudisial

    =
    Marshal of the United States Supreme Court
    United States Supreme Court Police
    Administrative Office of the United States Courts (AOUSC)
    Office of Probation and Pretrial Services (Federal Probation Officers)


    = Lain-lain

    =
    Independent Agencies and federally-administered institutions;

    Central Intelligence Agency
    Security Protective Service (CIA SPS)
    United States Environmental Protection Agency
    Office of Inspector General (EPA-OIG)
    Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance (OECA)
    Criminal Investigation Division
    National Gallery of Art
    Office of Protection Services
    NASA
    Office of Inspector General (NASA-OIG)
    Office of Protective Services (NASA OPS)
    United States Office of Personnel Management (OPM)
    Office of Inspector General (OPM OIG)
    United States Postal Service (USPS)
    Office of Inspector General (USPS-OIG)
    United States Postal Inspection Service (USPIS)
    U.S. Postal Police
    Smithsonian Institution (SI)
    Office of Inspector General (SI-OIG)
    Office of Protection Services
    National Zoological Park Police (NZPP)
    Amtrak
    Office of Inspector General (Amtrak-OIG)
    Office of Security Strategy and Special Operations (OSSSO)
    Amtrak Police Department
    Federal Reserve System
    Office of Inspector General (FRB/CFPB-OIG)
    Federal Reserve Police
    Federal Reserve Board of Governors
    Federal Reserve Board Police
    Tennessee Valley Authority
    Office of Inspector General (TVA-OIG)
    Tennessee Valley Authority Police (TVAP)
    Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)
    Office of Inspector General (NRC-OIG)
    National Science Foundation (NSF)
    Office of Inspector General (NSF-OIG)
    National Archives and Records Administration (NARA)
    Office of Inspector General (NARA-OIG)
    Peace Corps (PC)
    Office of Inspector General (PC-OIG)
    Railroad Retirement Board (RRB)
    Office of Inspector General (RRB-OIG)
    Small Business Administration (SBA)
    Office of Inspector General (SBA-OIG)
    Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
    Office of Inspector General (FDIC-OIG)
    General Services Administration (GSA)
    Office of Inspector General (GSA-OIG)
    Social Security Administration (SSA)
    Office of Inspector General (SSA-OIG)
    United States Agency for International Development
    Office of Inspector General (AID-OIG)
    Corporation for National and Community Service (CNCS)
    Office of Inspector General (CNCS-OIG)


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    Statistik


    Pada tahun 2004, keseluruhan lembaga federal mempekerjakan sekitar 105.000 personel penuh waktu yang berwenang untuk melakukan penangkapan dan membawa senjata api di 50 negara bagian dan Distrik Columbia. Dibandingkan dengan tahun 2002, personil tersebut meningkat sebesar 13%.
    Secara nasional, data menunjukan terdapat 36 petugas federal per 100.000 penduduk. Di luar Distrik Columbia, yang memiliki 1.662 per 100.000, rasio negara bagian berkisar dari 90 per 100.000 di Arizona hingga 7 per 100.000 di Iowa.
    Pada tahun 2004, sekitar 3 dari 4 petugas penegak hukum federal non-militer dipekerjakan di dalam Kementerian Keamanan Dalam Negeri atau Kementerian Kehakiman.
    Tugas dan kegiatan agen federal termasuk penyelidikan kriminal (38%), respon polisi dan patroli (21%), koreksi dan penahanan (16%), inspeksi (16%), operasi pengadilan (5%), dan keamanan dan perlindungan (4%) .
    Agen dan penyidik perempuan mengisi populasi sebesar 16% dari total kepolisian federal pada tahun 2004, meningkat dari 14,8% pada tahun 2002.
    Sepertiga (33,2%) petugas federal adalah anggota ras atau etnis minoritas pada tahun 2004. Ini termasuk 17,7% yang Hispanik atau Latin, dan 11,4% yang berkulit hitam atau Afrika-Amerika. Pada tahun 2002, petugas ras atau etnis minoritas terdiri dari 32,4% petugas federal.
    Dua puluh tujuh kantor federal inspektur jenderal (IG) mempekerjakan penyelidik kriminal dengan otoritas penangkapan dan senjata api pada tahun 2004. Secara keseluruhan, badan-badan ini mempekerjakan 2.867 petugas semacam itu di 50 negara bagian dan Distrik Columbia.


    Referensi

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