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The Battle of Saragossa, also known as the Battle of Zaragoza, took place on 20 August 1710 during the War of the Spanish Succession. A Spanish Bourbon army loyal to Philip V of Spain and commanded by the Marquis de Bay was defeated by a Grand Alliance force under Guido Starhemberg. Despite this victory, which allowed Philip's rival Archduke Charles to enter the Spanish capital of Madrid, the allies were unable to consolidate their gains. Forced to retreat, they suffered successive defeats at Brihuega in November and Villaviciosa in December, which effectively ended their chances of installing Archduke Charles on the Spanish throne.
Background
The 1710 Spanish campaign opened on 15 May when the Spanish Bourbon army commanded by Philip V in person and Francisco Castillo Fajardo, Marquis of Villadarias, advanced on the town of Balaguer. Guido Starhemberg, commander of the Allied forces in Catalonia, halted this attempt by preventing the Spanish from fording the Segre river, a success in which the officers of the British contingent had a leading role.
Having received reinforcements, in June Philip made another attempt upon Balaguer with 20,000 infantry and 6,000 cavalry, but was defeated at Almenar on 27 July. The allied troops had taken up a strong defensive position and repelled the Spanish attacks until the British commander, James Stanhope, leading their vanguard, broke the Spanish lines. Philip was forced to withdraw to Zaragoza, capital of Aragon, while Villadarias was replaced by the French general Alexandre Maître, Marquis de Bay.
On 9 August the Spanish army reached Zaragoza and de Bay positioned his troops with the river Ebro on his left and the Torrero heights to the right. On 15 August, an Allied cavalry attack was repulsed, followed by five days of minor skirmishes before the Allies crossed the Ebro in force on 19 August and were allowed to deploy during the night.
The two forces were roughly equal in strength, the allies having thirty-seven battalions of infantry and forty-three squadrons opposed to the Spanish-Bourbon army of thirty-eight battalions and fifty-four squadrons. The Allied left, composed of Catalonian and Dutch troops, was led by the Count of Atalaya, the right by Stanhope, made up of British, Portuguese and Austrian cavalry, with Starhemberg in charge of the centre, mainly German, Austrian and Spanish infantry.
On 20 August at 08:00 an artillery-duel started which lasted four hours before Stanhope charged the Bourbon-Spanish left. At first the Spanish and Walloon troops of the Bourbon army seemed to gain the advantage, having defeated a body of eight Portuguese squadrons, which they chased from the field. This opened a gap in the Bourbon lines, which opened a gap for Stanhope who scattered put to flight the disorganized Spanish soldiers, while at the centre and the right their attacks were repulsed.
The battle followed the same pattern as at Almenar, with the allies repulsing fierce Bourbon cavalry charges before counter-attacked with their infantry and pushing the Spanish back. In less than three hours, the Allies army won a comprehensive victory, capturing the Bourbon artillery along with 73 standards. Between 5,000 or 6,000 Spanish soldiers were killed or wounded, and another 7,000 captured, with Allied losses estimated as 1,500 men dead or wounded.
Aftermath
Archduke Charles entered Zaragoza the next day. The defeat of the army of Philip V of Spain was severe, the way to Madrid was open. Philip V abandoned Madrid on 9 September and went to Valladolid. Archduke Charles entered a very hostile and almost empty Madrid on 28 September. Charles commented: "This city is a desert!" In the winter of 1710, Archduke Charles and the allied troops had to abandon Madrid, due to the great opposition of the people of Madrid and the dangerous strategic situation. After this, the British army suffered a defeat at the Battle of Brihuega, and the rest of the allied army was defeated at the Battle of Villaviciosa.
References
Sources
Kamen, Henry. Felipe V, el rey que reinó dos veces. Ediciones Temas de Hoy S.A. Colección: Historia. Madrid (2000) (in Spanish)
Albi, Julio. La Caballería española, un eco de clarines. Tabapress S.A. Madrid (1992) (in Spanish)
Frey, Linda and Marsha (1995). The Treaties of the War of the Spanish Succession: an Historical and Critical Dictionary. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-27884-6.
Tucker, Spencer C., ed. (2011). A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East. Vol. II. ABC-CLIO.
Stanhope, Philip Henry. History of the War of the Succession in Spain. London, John Murray (1832).
Cust, Edward (Sir). Annals of the wars of the eighteenth century: compiled from the most authentic histories of the period, Volume 1. London, Mitchell's military library (1858).
External links
Description of the Battles of Zaragoza (Spanish)
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Battle of Saragossa - Wikipedia
The Battle of Saragossa, also known as the Battle of Zaragoza, took place on 20 August 1710 during the War of the Spanish Succession. A Spanish Bourbon army loyal to Philip V of Spain and commanded by the Marquis de Bay was defeated by a Grand Alliance force under Guido Starhemberg. [1]
Siege of Zaragoza (1809) - Wikipedia
The siege of Zaragoza was the French capture of the Spanish city of Zaragoza (also known as Saragossa) in 1809 during the Peninsular War. It was particularly noted for its brutality. [4] The city was heavily outnumbered against the French.
Siege of Zaragoza (1808) - Wikipedia
The 1808 siege of Zaragoza (also called Saragossa) was a bloody struggle in the Peninsular War. A French army under General Lefebvre-Desnouettes and subsequently commanded by General Jean-Antoine Verdier besieged, repeatedly stormed, and was repulsed from the Spanish city of Zaragoza in the summer of 1808.
Battle of Saragossa | Military Wiki | Fandom
The Battle of Saragossa (Spanish language: Zaragoza) took place on 20 August 1710, between the Spanish-Bourbon army commanded by the Marquis de Bay and a multinational army led by the Austrian commander Guido Starhemberg during the War of the Spanish Succession.
Battle of Saragossa - Wikiwand
The Battle of Saragossa, also known as the Battle of Zaragoza, took place on 20 August 1710 during the War of the Spanish Succession. A Spanish Bourbon army loyal to Philip V of Spain and commanded by the Marquis de Bay was defeated by a …
Battle of Saragossa - Oxford Reference
A mixed force of Austrians, Dutch, British, and Portuguese, under the Archduke Charles, attacked on 19 August 1710 the Spaniards defending Saragossa. Stanhope commanded the British troops on the left. After a decisive victory, they went on to occupy Saragossa and advanced on Madrid.
Saragossa, battle of | Encyclopedia.com
A mixed force of Austrians, Dutch, British, and Portuguese, under the Archduke Charles, attacked on 19 August 1710 the Spaniards defending Saragossa. Stanhope commanded the British troops on the left.
Napoleon Series Battle Lists: Peninsular War
Napoleon got in direct command of the troops in Spain on November 8,1808. Towards the end of the campaign Britain, Portugal and Spain are regarded as "Allies". But this is not indicated in this list (so far). Napoleon's First Abdication was on 6th April 1814. Marques de Lazan (he is the brother of Palafox).
Saragossa, battle of - Oxford Reference
Jul 19, 2024 · "Saragossa, battle of" published on by Oxford University Press. A mixed force of Austrians, Dutch, British, and Portuguese, under the Archduke Charles, attacked on 19 August 1710 the We use cookies to enhance your experience on our website.
War to the death: The siege of Saragossa, 1808-1809 - Goodreads
The intensity of Spanish resistance to French occupation of their country during the Napoleonic Wars is vividly portrayed in this classic account of the sieges of Saragossa in 1808 and 1809.
