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      • A duty cycle or power cycle is the fraction of one period in which a signal or system is active. Duty cycle is commonly expressed as a percentage or a ratio. A period is the time it takes for a signal to complete an on-and-off cycle. As a formula, a duty cycle (%) may be expressed as:




      D
      =



      P
      W

      T


      ×
      100
      %


      {\displaystyle D={\frac {PW}{T}}\times 100\%}


      Equally, a duty cycle (ratio) may be expressed as:




      D
      =



      P
      W

      T




      {\displaystyle D={\frac {PW}{T}}}


      where



      D


      {\displaystyle D}

      is the duty cycle,



      P
      W


      {\displaystyle PW}

      is the pulse width (pulse active time), and



      T


      {\displaystyle T}

      is the total period of the signal. Thus, a 60% duty cycle means the signal is on 60% of the time but off 40% of the time. The "on time" for a 60% duty cycle could be a fraction of a second, a day, or even a week, depending on the length of the period.
      Duty cycles can be used to describe the percent time of an active signal in an electrical device such as the power switch in a switching power supply or the firing of action potentials by a living system such as a neuron.
      Some publications use



      α


      {\displaystyle \alpha }

      as the symbol for duty cycle.
      As a ratio, duty cycle is unitless and may be given as decimal fraction and percentage alike.
      An alternative term in use is duty factor.


      Applications




      = Electrical and electronics

      =
      In electronics, duty cycle is the percentage of the ratio of pulse duration, or pulse width (PW) to the total period (T) of the waveform. It is generally used to represent time duration of a pulse when it is high (1). In digital electronics, signals are used in rectangular waveform which are represented by logic 1 and logic 0. Logic 1 stands for presence of an electric pulse and 0 for absence of an electric pulse. For example, a signal (10101010) has 50% duty cycle, because the pulse remains high for 1/2 of the period or low for 1/2 of the period. Similarly, for pulse (10001000) the duty cycle will be 25% because the pulse remains high only for 1/4 of the period and remains low for 3/4 of the period.
      Electrical motors typically use less than a 100% duty cycle. For example, if a motor runs for one out of 100 seconds, or 1/100 of the time, then, its duty cycle is 1/100, or 1 percent.
      Pulse-width modulation (PWM) is used in a variety of electronic situations, such as power delivery and voltage regulation.
      In electronic music, music synthesizers vary the duty cycle of their audio-frequency oscillators to obtain a subtle effect on the tone colors. This technique is known as pulse-width modulation.
      In the printer / copier industry, the duty cycle specification refers to the rated throughput (that is, printed pages) of a device per month.
      In a welding power supply, the maximum duty cycle is defined as the percentage of time in a 10-minute period that it can be operated continuously before overheating.


      = Biological systems

      =
      The concept of duty cycles is also used to describe the activity of neurons and muscle fibers. In neural circuits for example, a duty cycle specifically refers to the proportion of a cycle period in which a neuron remains active.


      = Generation

      =
      One way to generate fairly accurate square wave signals with 1/n duty factor, where n is an integer, is to vary the duty cycle until the nth-harmonic is significantly suppressed. For audio-band signals, this can even be done "by ear"; for example, a -40 dB reduction in the 3rd harmonic corresponds to setting the duty factor to 1/3 with a precision of 1% and -60 dB reduction corresponds to a precision of 0.1%.


      = Mark-space ratio

      =
      Mark-space ratio, or mark-to-space ratio, is another term for the same concept, to describe the temporal relationship between two alternating periods of a waveform. However, whereas the duty cycle relates the duration of one period to the duration of the entire cycle, the mark-space ratio relates the durations of the two individual periods:





      mark-space ratio

      =



      P

      W

      on




      P

      W

      off







      {\displaystyle {\text{mark-space ratio}}={\frac {PW_{\text{on}}}{PW_{\text{off}}}}}


      where



      P

      W

      on




      {\displaystyle PW_{\text{on}}}

      and



      P

      W

      off




      {\displaystyle PW_{\text{off}}}

      are the durations of the two alternating periods.


      References

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    Difference between Hertz and Duty Cycle

    16 Feb 2015 · Hehehe, duty. But in all seriousness, Hz is a measure of cycles per second. For example, driving a PWM servo motor, the standard period is 20 ms I believe, which is 50 Hz. Inside of that, the duty cycle is a measure of active period (could be active high or low) as a percent of the total period time. The servo control comes from duty cycle.

    Understanding the effect of duty cycle on the brightness of LEDs

    13 Agu 2020 · Duty cycle implies there is a percentage of time there is NO voltage across the LED. I think that the reason that the effective voltage is what causes the LED to change brightness is because when the average voltage is greater than the max voltage, the charge carriers are able to flow freely through the diode and generate light.

    Duty Cycle and Frequency of PWM: Explained - Physics Forums

    14 Mar 2005 · The new duty cycle is 25%. Frequency is the a measure of (actually, 1 over the measure of) the time required for a signal to complete 1 full cycle. The cycle does not have to be symetric though. The duty cycle is a measure of a signals divergence from symmetry. 50%--signal is symmetric. less than 50% and the on time is less than the off time.

    How to change duty cycle in square wave

    30 Jun 2018 · Square from IC has 0,65V amptlitude and 50% duty cycle. I would like in simple way change duty cycle this square signal from 0-100%. Using potentiometer or uC. I have only one ideas, generate PWM from uC, but AD9833 is easier to control frequency. edit I designed this layout I want use 3 potentiometer to set duty cycle, ampltiude, and signal ...

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    Impedance, square waves, and duty cycle

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    How do I calculate battery life allowing for duty cycle?

    If it's a duty cycle of 4%, then the average load is 4% of 1.95mA, or 78 uA. The battery should last 2610 / 0.078 hours, or 33461 hours. Over 3 years. Battery capacity changes with temperature, time, and discharge rate (and the 2610 mAh rating isn't too precise either, in my experience.) These calculations are probably within ±20% of the real ...

    555 timer, 50% duty cycle astable, run from 5V - Physics Forums

    25 Agu 2017 · If the duty cycle is not 50% then even harmonics will be present. As the duty cycle changes various harmonics will be reduced. At duty cycles with integer ratios some harmonics will be completely missing. For example at 25% duty = ¼, every 4th harmonic will be missing. At 20% every 5th harmonic will be missing.

    Changing the duty cycle of a PWM signal - Physics Forums

    19 Sep 2012 · The PWM output of the reciever is 1ms to 2ms high and 20ms low, so 10%-20% duty cycle. The computer fan requires a 30% to 100% duty cycle, at 25khz (about a 40uS pulse) I was thinking of using a 555 timer (astable, monostable wouldn't work) but that's a minimum of 50% duty cycle. Control this with a potentiometer turned by a servo.

    Why Does Duty Cycle Determine Voltage Gain in Boost Converters?

    02 Des 2011 · With duty cycle, its best to think of it in averages, so a 50% duty cycle means an average current goes through half the time. So at 75% duty cycle a higher average current goes through during the same period. Referring back to V = Ldi/dt, we see that we have more current at a higher duty cycle, and so the di is larger, while the dt stays the ...