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- 5 Secret Powers of Eye Contact - Psychology Today
- Why Eye Contact is Important in Communication - SocialSelf
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- 6 Common Eye Contact Mistakes You Might Be Making
- Eye contact: An introduction to its role in communication
- How Important Is Eye Contact in Communication? - All About Vision
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Eye contact occurs when two people or non-human animals look at each other's eyes at the same time. In people, eye contact is a form of nonverbal communication and can have a large influence on social behavior. Coined in the early to mid-1960s, the term came from the West to often define the act as a meaningful and important sign of confidence and respect. The customs, meaning, and significance of eye contact can vary greatly between societies, neurotypes, and religions.
The study of eye contact is sometimes known as oculesics.
Social meanings
Eye contact and facial expressions provide important social and emotional information. People, perhaps without consciously doing so, search other's eyes and faces for positive or negative mood signs. In some contexts, the meeting of eyes arouses strong emotions.
Eye contact provides some of the strongest emotions during a social conversation. This primarily is because it provides details on emotions and intentions. In a group, if eye contact is not inclusive of a certain individual, it can make that individual feel left out of the group; while on the other hand, prolonged eye contact can tell someone you are interested in what they have to say.
Eye contact is also an important element in flirting, where it may serve to establish and gauge the other's interest in some situations. Mutual eye contact that signals attraction initially begins as a brief glance and progresses into a repeated volleying of eye contact.
In the process of civil inattention, strangers in close proximity, such as a crowd, avoid eye contact in order to help maintain their privacy.
Effects
= Parent–child
=A 1985 study suggested that "3-month-old infants are comparatively insensitive to being the object of another's visual regard". A 1996 Canadian study with 3- to 6-month-old infants found that smiling in infants decreased when adult eye contact was removed. A recent British study in the Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience found that face recognition by infants was facilitated by direct gaze. Other recent research has confirmed that the direct gaze of adults influences the direct gaze of infants. Within their first year, infants learn rapidly that the looking behaviors of others conveys significant information. Infants prefer to look at faces that engage them in mutual gaze and that, from an early age, healthy babies show enhanced neural processing of direct gaze.
= Communicating attention
=A person's direction of gaze may indicate to others where their attention lies.
= Facilitating learning
=In the 2000s, studies suggest that eye contact has a positive impact on the retention and recall of information and may promote more efficient learning.
= Maternal sensitivity
=In a 2001 study conducted in Germany examining German infants during their first 12 weeks of life, researchers studied the relationship between eye contact, maternal sensitivity, and infant crying to attempt to determine if eye contact and maternal sensitivity were stable over time. In this correlational study, they began by categorizing the mother's sensitivity placing them into one of four behavioral categories: inhibited/intense behavior, distortion of infant signals, over and understimulational, and aggressive behavioral. Next, the observer video-taped the mother and infant's free-play interactions on a weekly basis for 12 weeks. When watching the videos, they measured the mutual eye contact between the mother and the infant by looking at the overlap in time when the mothers looked at their infant's face and when the infants looked at their mother's face. The mothers were also asked to record their infant's crying in a diary.
The study found that the amount of eye contact between the study's German mothers and infants increased continuously over the first 12 weeks. The mother who held eye contact with her child early on (week 1–4) was described as sensitive to her infant whereas if she did not hold eye contact, her behavior was described as insensitive. They also found a negative relationship between eye contact and the duration of crying of the infants; as eye contact increases, crying decreases. Maternal sensitivity was also shown to be stable over time. According to the study, these findings may potentially be based on the assumption that sensitive mothers are more likely to notice their child's behavioral problems than non-sensitive mothers.
Difficulty
Some people find eye contact difficult with others. For example, those with autism spectrum disorders or social anxiety disorders may find eye contact to be particularly unsettling.
Strabismus, especially esophoria or exophoria, interferes with normal eye contact: a person whose eyes are not aligned usually makes full eye contact with one eye only, while the orientation of the other eye deviates slightly or more.
= Eye aversion and mental processing
=In one study conducted by British psychologists from the University of Stirling, among 20 British children at the age of five, researchers concluded that among the children in the study, the children who avoid eye contact while considering their responses to questions are more likely to answer correctly than children who maintain eye contact. While humans obtain useful information from looking at the face when listening to someone, the process of looking at faces is mentally demanding. Therefore, it may be unhelpful to look at faces when trying to concentrate and process something else that is mentally demanding. According to Doherty-Sneddon, a blank stare likely indicates a lack of understanding.
Cultural differences
In many cultures, such as in East Asia and Nigeria, it is respectful not to look the dominant person in the eye, but in Western culture this can be interpreted as being "shifty-eyed", and the person averting eye contact can be judged as bad because "they wouldn't look me in the eye"; references such as "shifty-eyed" can refer to suspicions regarding an individual's unrevealed intentions or thoughts. Nevertheless, the seeking of constant unbroken eye contact by the other participant in a conversation can often be considered overbearing or distracting by many even in Western cultures, possibly on an instinctive or subconscious level.
In traditional Islamic theology, it is often generally advised to lower one's gaze when looking at other people in order to avoid sinful sensuous appetites and desires. Excessive eye contact or "staring" is also sometimes described as impolite, inappropriate, or even disrespectful, especially between youths and elders or children and their parents, and so lowering one's gaze when talking with older people is seen as a sign of respect and reverence. Nonetheless, actual cultural and societal practices in this regard vary greatly.
Japanese children are taught in school to direct their gaze at the region of their teacher's Adam's apple or tie knot. As adults, Japanese lower their eyes when speaking to a superior as a gesture of respect.
Some bodies of parliamentary procedure ban eye contact between members when speaking.
Clinical description
For clinical evaluation purposes in the practice of psychiatry and clinical psychology, as part of a mental status exam, the clinician may describe the initiation, frequency, and quality of eye contact. For example, the doctor may note whether the patient initiates, responds to, sustains, or evades eye contact. The clinician may also note whether eye contact is unusually intense or blank, or whether the patient glares, looks down, or looks aside frequently.
Between species
Eye contact can also be a significant factor in interactions between non-human animals, and between humans and non-human animals.
Animals of many species, including dogs, often perceive eye contact as a threat. Many programs to prevent dog bites recommend avoiding direct eye contact with an unknown dog. According to a report in The New Zealand Medical Journal, maintaining eye contact is one reason young children may be more likely to fall victim to dog attacks.
On the other hand, extended eye contact between a dog and its owner modulates the secretion of oxytocin, a neuromodulator that is known for its role in maternal-infant bonding.
Hikers are commonly advised to avoid direct eye contact if they have surprised a bear, since the bear may interpret the eye contact as a threat, although some sources suggest maintaining eye contact.
Among primates, eye contact is seen as especially aggressive, and staring at them in a zoo can induce agitated behavior. Chimpanzees use eye contact to signal aggression in hostile encounters. Eye tracking research shows that chimps are more likely to look at the mouth, while bonobos are more likely to look at the eyes; eye contact is lower among socially deprived primates. A 2007 incident at Rotterdam Zoo is believed to be connected to eye contact: Bokito the gorilla escaped from his exhibit and injured a woman who had visited him several times and apparently often held prolonged eye contact. Visitors were later given special glasses that averted their apparent gaze when looking at Bokito.
See also
Australian Aboriginal avoidance practices
Evil eye
Eyebrow flash
Face-to-face
Interpersonal communication
Joint attention
The look – description of interpersonal discomfort by Jean-Paul Sartre
Staring contest
Look Me in the Eye
When I Look in Your Eyes
When I Look Into Your Eyes
When You Look Me in the Eyes
References
Works cited
Krueger, Juliane (2008). Nonverbal Communication. GRIN Verlag. ISBN 978-3-638-93015-4.
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eye contact
Daftar Isi
Eye contact - Wikipedia
Eye contact occurs when two people or non-human animals look at each other's eyes at the same time. [1] . In people, eye contact is a form of nonverbal communication and can have a large influence on social behavior.
3 Keys to the Power and Meaning of Eye Contact
Sep 2, 2022 · Eye contact turns up the volume on whatever feelings are inherent in an interaction. Few things make us more uncomfortable than being stared at by a stranger, and we have...
5 Secret Powers of Eye Contact - Psychology Today
Apr 3, 2014 · Eye contact is a valid sign of deception, but not in the way that you think. Everyone assumes that a liar won’t look you in the eye, but research on the nonverbal cues associated with...
Why Eye Contact is Important in Communication - SocialSelf
Aug 26, 2021 · Making too much eye contact or not enough eye contact can violate unspoken social norms and rules, offend someone, or make them uncomfortable. Learning basic eye contact etiquette can help you, but it’s also helpful to use your eyes to look for social cues and signs.
The Best Ways to Overcome Eye Contact Anxiety - Verywell Mind
Dec 6, 2023 · Eye contact anxiety refers to the discomfort a person feels when looking at someone directly in the eyes. A person with eye contact anxiety may avoid making eye contact when talking to someone. If they do make eye contact, they …
6 Common Eye Contact Mistakes You Might Be Making
Jan 23, 2025 · Keep in mind that eye contact norms vary significantly from one culture to the next. “In many Western cultures, direct eye contact is valued as a sign of confidence and engagement,” Spencer says. “However, in some other cultures, prolonged eye contact may be considered disrespectful or confrontational, particularly with elders.”
Eye contact: An introduction to its role in communication
Nov 28, 2012 · Explore eye contact’s vital role during conversation and suggestions for developing this skill. This is the first in a series of articles about effective eye contact during interactions.
How Important Is Eye Contact in Communication? - All About Vision
Jul 5, 2022 · Eye contact (also known as “direct gaze”) is a valuable part of nonverbal communication. Our brains have developed to pay close attention to eye contact and the messages that it conveys. Through eye contact, we can gather communication cues about tone, emotional state, turn-taking and more.
Eye Contact Psychology: Decoding Nonverbal Communication
Sep 14, 2024 · Explore the science and psychology behind eye contact, its impact on communication, and how to improve your skills in various social contexts.
8 Types of Eye Contact (And What They Reveal) - Attraction
Nov 10, 2024 · Discover the different levels of eye contact and what each type reveals about attraction and interest. Master eye contact for deeper connections.