ficus microcarpa

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      Ficus microcarpa, also known as Chinese banyan, small-fruited fig, Malayan banyan, Indian laurel, or curtain fig, is a species of banyan tree in the family Moraceae. Its native range is from India to China and Japan, through Southeast Asia and the western Pacific to the state of Queensland in Australia, and it has been introduced to parts of the Americas and the Mediterranean. It was first described in 1782, and is a culturally significant plant in a number of Asian countries.


      Description


      Ficus microcarpa is a large tropical tree to 25 m (82 ft) tall, occasionally to 35 m (115 ft), with innumerable aerial roots descending from the branches that have the capacity to develop into accessory trunks or "prop roots". It may initially be epiphytic, lithophytic or terrestial. The leaves are narrowly to broadly elliptic, measuring up to 12 cm (4.7 in) long by 9 cm (3.5 in) wide. They are glabrous (without hairs) and have 5–9 pairs of main lateral veins either side of the midrib, which form distinct loops within the leaf margin.


      Taxonomy



      Ficus microcarpa was described in 1782 by Carl Linnaeus the Younger. The species has a considerable number of synonyms. In 1965, E. J. H. Corner described seven varieties (and two forms of Ficus microcarpa var. microcarpa) which were regarded as synonyms under the name of Ficus microcarpa in the latest Flora Malesiana volume.
      Hill's weeping fig was first formally described as a species, Ficus hillii, by Frederick Manson Bailey in the Botany Bulletin of the Queensland Department of Agriculture, based on a specimen collected in the "scrubs of tropical Queensland". In 1960, it was reassigned by E. J. H. Corner as a variety of F. microcarpa, namely F. microcarpa var. hillii.


      Distribution and habitat


      Ficus microcarpa is native to tropical Asia, southern China, Taiwan, islands of the Western Pacific and Australia. A tropical and subtropical species, the tree requires a warm climate and a humid atmosphere. It can nevertheless withstand temperatures close to 0 °C. The species occurs mainly at low elevations, and its natural habitats include tropical rainforests, river edges, coasts, swamps and mangroves.


      = Introduced range

      =
      Ficus microcarpa was widely distributed as an ornamental plant and is one of the most common street trees in warm climates. It has been introduced to a number of countries in the Mediterranean, Central and South America, the Caribbean, and Hawaii, California and Florida in the US.
      In urbanized areas, trees can grow in cracks, walls, buildings and other masonry elements. It seems that the species can tolerate urban pollutants in soil moisture, including sulfur dioxide, lead and cadmium, as well as salt.
      The symbiotic pollinating fig wasp, Eupristina verticillata, was introduced along with F. microcarpa. Such an introduction, however, can be delayed: in Brazil - where specimens of the tree had been used in gardening since the nineteenth century, when it was introduced by the architect Auguste François Marie Glaziou into various public parks of Rio de Janeiro - the appearance of saplings began only during the 1970s. Such saplings are considered to be very aggressive, as they can grow in the walls of buildings, bridges, highways, and other concrete structures.
      The tree is considered a major invasive species in Hawaii, Florida, Bermuda, Central America, and South America. F. microcarpa is widely used as a street and ornamental tree in areas of coastal California that are free of regular frost. Its strong roots can lift sidewalks and pavements, and many California cities no longer recommend planting them. In Southern California, a population of the symbiotic fig wasp is now established, which allows the ornamental trees to produce fertile fruit. Seeds are spread by fruit-eating birds, and F. microcarpa can now spread without direct human help. Naturalized populations have been found in Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Diego, and Ventura counties, including on buildings, bridges, and other structures, and as an epiphyte on other trees, especially palm trees. It is commonly used as an ornamental tree in most of Spain's Mediterranean coast, as in the Balearic and the Canary islands. Ficus microcarpa can also be found on the southern coast of Sicily, in Rhodes and Cyprus. It is considered an invasive plant in Israel, although it is not widespread.


      Ecology


      The pollinating fig wasp associated with Ficus microcarpa is Eupristina verticillata. In addition, 19 non-pollinating fig wasp species parasitize Ficus microcarpa figs.
      These fig wasps are from different families, which include those of the Eurytomidae and Pteromalidae families.
      In some parts of its introduced range, it is very attractive to avian wildlife: in São Paulo, Brazil, ten species of birds were listed as feeding on its fruits, especially Turdus rufiventris, Pitangus sulphuratus, Turdus leucomelas, Thraupis sayaca and Celeus flavescens. Its fruit and leaves are also sought after and eaten by the parrot Aratinga leucophthalmus. Although invasive, its hardiness makes it an important species for the attraction of avian wildlife in urban environments.


      Cultivation



      Ficus microcarpa is cultivated as an ornamental tree for planting in gardens, parks, and in containers as an indoor plant and bonsai specimen. In Southeast Asia, it is cultivated as a shade tree because of its dense foliage. Its ability to produce discards also makes it easy to drive in hedge or bush.
      As a tropical and subtropical tree, it is suitable for temperatures above 20 °C all year long, which explains why it is generally sold as a houseplant. It can, however, withstand relatively low temperatures, suffering damage only below 0 °C. High humidity (70% - 100%) is preferable and seems to favor the development of aerial roots. The species can be propagated easily by cuttings, either in water or directly in a substrate of sand or potting soil.


      = Medicine

      =
      The plant is also used in traditional medicine in India, Malaysia, China and Japan. In Japan, the bark, the aerial roots and dried leaves are traditionally used against pain and fever, while in China the plant is traditionally used among others against the flu, the malaria, bronchitis and rheumatism. The pharmacological properties of Ficus microcarpa would include antioxidant activities, antibacterial, anticarcinogen and anti diabetic agents.


      Folklore


      In Southeast Asia, F. microcarpa, among other species, is thought to be home to spirits, such as Pontianak (folklore). In China, large fig trees can be associated with beneficial spirits and vital energy ("Qi"). In Singapore, some trees are associated with places of worship among Buddhists and Taoists.


      See also


      List of endemic plants in the Mariana Islands


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      References




      External links



      Plants of Hawaii: Ficus microcarpa, hear.org
      Ficus microcarpa L.f., Natural Resources Conservation Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture
      Indian Laurel Invasive Plant Page, Bermuda Department of Conservation Services.
      [1], Yokoyama, Jun, and Kunio Iwatsuki. "A faunal survey of fig-wasps (Chalcidoidea: Hymenoptera) distributed in Japan and their associations with figs (Ficus: Moraceae)." Entomological science 1.1 (1998): 37–46.

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    Ficus microcarpa - Wikipedia

    Ficus microcarpa is a large tropical tree to 25 m (82 ft) tall, occasionally to 35 m (115 ft), with innumerable aerial roots descending from the branches that have the capacity to develop into accessory trunks or "prop roots". It may initially be epiphytic, lithophytic or terrestial.

    Ficus microcarpa – bonsai pruning, watering, care and varieties

    Ficus microcarpa is a small, easy bonsai often found in DIY and home furniture stores. Facts about Ficus microcarpa. Exposure: indirect but luminous – Foliage: evergreen – Watering: moderate. It is great for growing indoors and doesn’t require complicated follow-up.

    The Ultimate Ficus Microcarpa Care Guide – Cafe Planta

    Jan 20, 2024 · Caring for a Ficus Microcarpa can be a fulfilling experience, bringing a slice of nature into your home. From choosing the right location and soil to managing pests and pruning, these steps will help you nurture a thriving plant.

    The Ficus Ginseng Care Guide: Light, Watering & Pruning

    Apr 7, 2024 · Ficus Ginseng Bonsai, scientifically known as Ficus Microcarpa, is a compact ficus plant variety that belongs to the Moraceae family and hails from Southeast Asia. Renowned for its captivating bonsai-like appearance, this miniature tree …

    Ficus microcarpa - North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant ...

    Chinese Banyan is a species of fig tree native to tropical and subtropical Asia. When young, the plant appears to be a shrub, but when grown outdoors in Mediterranean climates, it can reach 40 feet high with a 40 foot crown. It also grows well as a shade tree and, for this reason, is frequently used as an indoor tree and in bonsai.

    Ficus microcarpa (Chinese Banyan) - Gardenia

    Ficus microcarpa, also known as Chinese Banyan or Indian Laurel Fig, is a tropical tree renowned for its lush foliage and distinctive growth pattern. Ficus microcarpa: An In-depth Look. Native: Native to Asia and Australia, it’s commonly found in countries like India, China, Malaysia, and Australia. It is widely planted as a shade tree.

    Ficus Microcarpa: Why Is This A Must Have Plant? - Potted Well

    Ficus Microcarpa (Ficus macrocarpa), also known as Indian laurel, Malayan banyan, or Chinese banyan, belongs to the family Moraceae and is native to northern Australia, Indonesia, Taiwan, New Caledonia, the Ryukyu Islands, the Malay Archipelago, India, Philippines, Japan, and Southeast China.