gastric inhibitory polypeptide

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      Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), also known as glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, is an inhibiting hormone of the secretin family of hormones. While it is a weak inhibitor of gastric acid secretion, its main role, being an incretin, is to stimulate insulin secretion.
      GIP, along with glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), belongs to a class of molecules referred to as incretins, which stimulate insulin release on oral food intake.


      Synthesis and transport


      GIP is derived from a 153-amino acid proprotein encoded by the GIP gene and circulates as a biologically active 42-amino acid peptide. It is synthesized by K cells, which are found in the mucosa of the duodenum and the jejunum of the gastrointestinal tract.
      Like all endocrine hormones, it is transported by blood.
      Gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptors are seven-transmembrane proteins (GPCRs) found on beta-cells in the pancreas.


      Functions


      It has traditionally been named gastrointestinal inhibitory peptide or gastric inhibitory peptide and was found to decrease the secretion of stomach acid to protect the small intestine from acid damage, reduce the rate at which food is transferred through the stomach, and inhibit the GI motility and secretion of acid. However, this is incorrect, as it was discovered that these effects are achieved only with higher-than-normal physiological level, and that these results naturally occur in the body through a similar hormone, secretin.
      It is now believed that the function of GIP is to induce insulin secretion, which is stimulated primarily by hyperosmolarity of glucose in the duodenum. After this discovery, some researchers prefer the new name of glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, while retaining the acronym "GIP." The amount of insulin secreted is greater when glucose is administered orally than intravenously.
      In addition to its role as an incretin, GIP is known to inhibit apoptosis of the pancreatic beta cells and to promote their proliferation. It also stimulates glucagon secretion and fat accumulation. GIP receptors are expressed in many organs and tissues including the central nervous system enabling GIP to influence hippocampal memory formation and regulation of appetite and satiety.
      GIP recently appeared as a major player in bone remodeling. Researchers at Universities of Angers and Ulster evidenced that genetic ablation of the GIP receptor in mice resulted in profound alterations of bone microarchitecture through modification of the adipokine network. Furthermore, the deficiency in GIP receptors has also been associated in mice with a dramatic decrease in bone quality and a subsequent increase in fracture risk. However, the results obtained by these groups are far from conclusive because their animal models give discordant answers and these works should be analysed very carefully.


      Pathology


      It has been found that type 2 diabetics are not responsive to GIP and have lower levels of GIP secretion after a meal when compared to non-diabetics. In research involving knockout mice, it was found that absence of the GIP receptors correlates with resistance to obesity.


      References




      External links


      Gastric+inhibitory+polypeptide at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
      King MW (16 November 2006). "Gastrointestinal Hormones and Peptides". Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis School of Medicine. Archived from the original on 6 December 2007. Retrieved 1 October 2006.
      Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: P09681 (Gastric inhibitory polypeptide) at the PDBe-KB.

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    Gastric inhibitory polypeptide - Wikipedia

    Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), also known as glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, is an inhibiting hormone of the secretin family of hormones. [5] While it is a weak inhibitor of gastric acid secretion, its main role, being an incretin, is to stimulate insulin secretion. [6]

    Physiology, Gastric Inhibitory Peptide - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf

    Sep 26, 2022 · The glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, formerly known as gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), was first isolated in 1973 from porcine small intestine based on its ability to inhibit gastric hydrochloric acid secretion.

    GIP and GLP‐1, the two incretin hormones: Similarities and differences

    Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) are the two primary incretin hormones secreted from the intestine on ingestion of glucose or nutrients to stimulate insulin secretion from pancreatic β cells.

    The Role of GIP Receptor in the CNS for the Pathogenesis of …

    Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) (also known as gastric inhibitory polypeptide) is a hormone produced in the upper gut and secreted to the circulation in response to the ingestion of foods, especially fatty foods.

    Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide - an overview - ScienceDirect

    Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (GIP) is a hormone released by cells in the gut that helps regulate blood glucose levels and nutrient balance. It is also believed to have positive effects on lipid metabolism, bone strength, cardiovascular function, and cognition.

    Gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor - Wikipedia

    Gastric inhibitory polypeptide, also called glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, is a 42-amino acid polypeptide synthesized by K cells of the duodenum and small intestine. It was originally identified as an activity in gut extracts that inhibited gastric acid secretion and gastrin release, but subsequently was demonstrated to stimulate ...

    Gastric inhibitory polypeptide | GIP, Glucose, Appetite | Britannica

    Gastric inhibitory polypeptide, a hormone secreted by cells of the intestinal mucosa that blocks the secretion of hydrochloric acid into the stomach. It also increases insulin secretion from the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans, causing an increase in serum insulin concentrations that is

    Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide - an overview - ScienceDirect

    Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), also called glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, is a 42-amino-acid peptide secreted by mucosal K cells, predominantly found in the duodenum and jejunum and to a lesser extent in the ileum and colon.

    Physiology, Gastric Inhibitory Peptide - PubMed

    Sep 26, 2022 · The glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, formerly known as gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), was first isolated in 1973 from porcine small intestine based on its ability to inhibit gastric hydrochloric acid secretion.

    Gastric inhibitory polypeptide/glucose‐dependent insulinotropic ...

    Gastric inhibitory polypeptide/glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is an incretin secreted from enteroendocrine K cells in response to meal ingestion 1, and potentiates insulin secretion through the GIP receptor (GIPR) expressed in pancreatic β‐cells 2. Dietary lipid is a very strong stimulant of GIP secretion.