haootia

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      Haootia quadriformis is an extinct animal belonging to the Ediacaran biota. Estimated to be about 560 million years old, H. quadriformis is identified as a cnidarian polyp, and represents the earliest known evidence for muscle tissue in an animal. Discovered in 2008 from Newfoundland in eastern Canada, it was formally described in 2014. It is the first Ediacaran organism discovered to show fossils of muscle fibres. Structural examination of the muscles and morphology indicate that the animal is a cnidarian, though, which class H. quadriformis belongs to was undetermined until a 2024 study found it to be a staurozoan.


      Discovery and name


      The first fossil of Haootia was discovered from lower Fermeuse Formation of Back Cove, Bonavista Peninsula in Newfoundland. It was originally unearthed by Martin D. Brasier of the University of Oxford in 2008. However, the specimen was not allowed to be removed according to provincial law in Newfoundland, so that only a plaster cast was made. The cast (plastotype) is maintained in the collections of the Oxford University Museum of Natural History. The actual fossil specimen, or holotype, remains on the north shore of Back Cove, roughly 1.8 km NNW of Melrose town. A second, incomplete specimen was also discovered in the Trepassey Formation of Burnt Point, Bonavista Peninsula.
      The generic name Haootia is derived from the Beothuk word Haoot, meaning "demon," to signify the striking appearance of the holotype. The specific name quadriformis is said to be derived from Latin quadri, meaning "fourfold", and formis, for "form", relating to the quadrilateral symmetry of the body. The proper word in classical Latin for "fourfold" is actually quadruplex, while forma is the proper word in classical Latin for "form".


      Description


      Haootia quadriformis is uniquely different from any other Ediacaran fossil so far discovered in that it consists of bundles of fibres that have been identified as muscles. The entire body is in a broadly four-fold symmetrical arrangement. Thus the overall body organisation conforms to the key features of modern cnidarians. The fossil measures 56×37 mm in diameter. It indicates it is a soft-bodied animal having an appearance of a smooth discoidal structure connected by a relatively short stem to a quadrate body comprising numerous and regularly aligned linear fibres. The fibres, which are similar in pattern to parallelly arranged muscle fibres, extend laterally across the body, linking adjacent corners. The fibres extend beyond each corner to form an elongate branch, which is divided into smaller dichotomous branches. Smaller branches also arise from the lateral margins of the quadrate body, and also form dichotomously branched fibres.


      See also


      List of Ediacaran genera


      References




      External links


      560-Million-Year-Old Fossil Provides Earliest Evidence of Muscles
      Newfoundland fossil is earliest evidence of muscled animals
      Animals first flex their muscles
      Newfoundland fossil is oldest with muscles

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    Haootia - Wikipedia

    Haootia quadriformis is an extinct animal belonging to the Ediacaran biota. Estimated to be about 560 million years old, H. quadriformis is identified as a cnidarian polyp, and represents the earliest known evidence for muscle tissue in an animal. [1] Discovered in 2008 from Newfoundland in eastern Canada, it was formally described in 2014. It ...

    Haootia quadriformis n. gen., n. sp., interpreted as a muscular ...

    We here report a candidate muscle-bearing organism, Haootia quadriformis n. gen., n. sp., from approximately 560 Ma strata in Newfoundland, Canada. This taxon exhibits sediment moulds of twisted, superimposed fibrous bundles arranged quadrilaterally, extending into four prominent bifurcating corner branches.

    Haootia - Discovery Geopark

    Over 560 million years old, this unusual organism would have lived anchored to the dark sea floor of an ancient ocean. Named Haootia quadriformis, this fossil is unlike any other found in the area, and is of great importance to our understanding of the origin of animal life.

    The Palaeobiology of Two Crown Group Cnidarians: Haootia …

    Mamsetia manunis and Haootia quadriformis have several characters typical of stauromedusae, namely: (1) a tetra-radial calyx defined by a total of either four or eight arms, located on the corners of the calyx; (2) the open end of the calyx has a narrow marginal band of coronal/marginal muscle; (3) in H. quadriformis, two marginal tentacles are ...

    Animals first flex their muscles: Earliest fossil ... - ScienceDaily

    Aug 26, 2014 · The new fossil, named Haootia quadriformis, dates from the Ediacaran Period, an interval spanning 635 to 541 million years ago. It differs from any previously described Ediacaran fossil, as it ...

    Hiking where Haootia, the first-known animal, flexed its muscles …

    Jul 16, 2023 · Called Port Union-Murphy’s Cove to Lodge’s Pond—Haootia, you can find the trail—and we heartily suggest you do if you’re on the Bonavista Peninsula—under shorter names like Port Union Hike, Lodge’s Pond Trail or Murphy’s Cove Loop.

    Haootia quadriformis n. gen., n. sp., interpreted as a muscular ...

    The oldest evidence for fossilized muscular tissue before the Early Cambrian has hitherto remained moot, being reliant upon indirect evidence in the form of Late Ediacaran ichnofossils. We here report a candidate muscle-bearing organism, Haootia quadriformis n. gen., n. sp., from approximately 560 Ma strata in Newfoundland, Canada. This taxon ...

    Mar 3, 2015 · The hypothetical coronal muscular arrangement in Haootia ([1, fig. 3b]) is not consistent with that of extant stauromedusae, but the reconstruction of longitudinal muscles in the branches and peduncle of H. quadriformis is similar to the organization observed in stauromedusae.

    The arrangement of possible muscle fibres in the Ediacaran taxon

    Mar 3, 2015 · Haootia quadriformis from Newfoundland, Canada, is one of the most unusual impressions of a soft-bodied macro-organism yet described from the late Ediacaran Period.

    Haootia quadriformis n. gen., n. sp., interpreted as a muscular ...

    We here report a candidate muscle-bearing organism, Haootia quadriformis n. gen., n. sp., from approximately 560 Ma strata in Newfoundland, Canada. This taxon exhibits sediment moulds of twisted, superimposed fibrous bundles arranged quadrilaterally, extending into four prominent bifurcating corner branches.