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      The High Com (also as HIGH COM, both written with a thin space) noise reduction system was developed by Telefunken, Germany, in the 1970s as a high quality high compression analogue compander for audio recordings.


      High Com



      The idea of a compander for consumer devices was based on studies of a fixed two-band compander by Jürgen Wermuth of AEG-Telefunken ELA, Wolfenbüttel, developer of the Telefunken telcom c4 (formally abbreviated as "TEL" in professional broadcasting) four-band audio compander for professional use. In April 1974, the resulting "RUSW-200" prototype first led to the development of a sliding two-band compander by Ernst F. Schröder of Telefunken Grundlagenlaboratorium, Hannover since July 1974.
      However, the finally released High Com system, which was marketed by Telefunken since 1978, worked as a broadband 2:1:2 compander, achieving almost 15 dB of noise reduction for low and up to 20 dB RMS A-weighted for higher frequencies, reducing the noise power down to 1% while avoiding most of the acoustic problems observed with other high compression broadband companders such as EMT/NoiseBX, Burwen or dbx.
      In order to facilitate cost-effective mass-production in consumer devices such as cassette decks, the compander system was integrated into an analogue IC, TFK U401B / U401BG / U401BR, developed by Dietrich Höppner and Kurt Hintzmann of AEG-Telefunken Halbleiterwerk, Heilbronn. The chip contained more than 500 transistors.
      With minimal changes in the external circuitry the IC could also be used to emulate a mostly Dolby B-compatible compander as in the DNR (Dynamic Noise Reduction) system for backward compatibility. Consequently, second-generation tape decks with High Com incorporated a DNR expander as well, whereas in some late-generation Telefunken, ASC and Universum tape decks this even worked during recording, but was left undocumented for legal reasons.


      High-Com II and III


      Nakamichi, one of the more than 25 licensees of the High Com system, supported the development of a noise reduction system that could exceed the capabilities of the then-prevalent Dolby B-type system. However, it became apparent that a single-band compander without sliding-band technology, which was protected by Dolby patents, suffered too many audible artifacts. So, High Com was further developed into the two-band High Com II and three-band High Com III 2:1:2 systems by Werner Scholz and Ernst F. Schröder of Telefunken assisted by Harron K. Appleman of Nakamichi in 1978/1979. The two-band variant was eventually released exclusively as Nakamichi High-Com II Noise Reduction System later in 1979, increasing the amount of noise reduction on analogue recordings and transmissions by as much as 25 dB A-weighted.


      High-Com II for records


      While originally designed for tape recordings, Nakamichi demonstrated the usage of High Com II on LP records as well in 1979.
      In 1982, the same AEG-Telefunken team, who designed the High Com noise reduction system, also developed the IC U2141B for the CBS Laboratories CX noise reduction system for LP records, a system also incorporated into FMX, a noise reduction system for FM broadcasting developed by CBS.


      High Com FM


      Similar to the earlier Dolby FM system in the US, a High Com FM system was evaluated in Germany between July 1979 and December 1981 by IRT. It was also considered to be adopted for AM broadcasting. It was based on the High Com broadband compander, but eventually changed to achieve 10 dB(A) only to improve compatibility with the existing base of receivers without built-in expander. The system was field-trialed in public German FM broadcasting between 1981 and 1984 and also discussed as an option to be introduced in Austria and France. However, despite the improvements it was eventually not introduced commercially because of the listening artifacts it created for receivers without expander.


      Impact


      Besides Telefunken's own CN 750 High Com compander box, other companies also offered external High Com compander boxes such as the Aiwa HR-7 and HR-50, the Rotel RN-500 and RN-1000, or the Diemme Sonic-distributed Aster Dawn SC 505 and the Starsonic DL 506, as distributed by D.A.A.F. A low-cost implementation of the Telefunken High Com system as external compander box became available as Hobby-Com, developed by Telefunken product development and Thomsen-Elektronik for WDR, distributed by vgs, and promoted for do-it-yourself assembly in the popular TV series Hobbythek format by Jean Pütz on 7 February 1980. In 1981 and 1982, do-it-yourself High Com kits were introduced from elektor (elektor compander/Hi-Fi-Kompander) and G.B.C. Amtron (micro line High-Com System UK 512 (W)). The only compander available for High-Com II was Nakamichi's own High-Com II unit.
      More than one million High Com systems were sold between 1978 and 1982. While implemented in dozens of European and Japanese consumer device models and acoustically much superior to other systems such as Dolby B, C, dbx, adres or Super D, the High Com family of systems never gained a similar market penetration. This was caused by several factors, including the existing pre-dominance of the Dolby system, with Dolby Laboratories introducing the "good enough" Dolby C update (with up to 15 dB A-weighted improvement) in 1980 as well, and also by the fact that High Com required higher quality tape decks and tapes to work with in order to give satisfactory results.
      High-Com II even required calibration of the playback level using a 400 Hz, 0 dB, 200 nWb/m calibration tone for optimum results, and with prices in the several hundred dollars for the external Nakamichi compander box it was much too expensive to be used by many people outside the small group of audiophiles using high-end tape recorders or open-reel decks.
      When AEG-Telefunken struggled financially in 1981/1982 and the Hannover development site was partially disbanded and refocused on digital technologies in 1983, this also put the High Com development to an end. The latest tape decks to come with High Com were produced in 1986.
      Several software decoders were developed for telcom c4 and High Com, and are considered to be implemented for High-Com II


      Tape decks with High Com


      These tape decks are known to provide built-in support for High Com:

      Akai GX-F37
      ASC AS 3000
      Rosita Audion D 700
      Blaupunkt XC-240, XC-1400
      ELIN Professional Micro Component Cassette Deck - Modell TC-97
      Eumig FL-1000μP High Com
      Filtronic FSK-200
      Grundig MCF 200, MCF 600, CF 5100, SCF 6200
      hgs ELECTRONIC Mini Altus HiFi-System Micro Component Stereo Cassette Deck
      Hitachi D-E75 DB/SL
      Imperial TD 6100
      Intel Professional Micro Component Cassette Deck - Modell TC-97
      Körting C 102, C 220
      Revox B710 High Com
      Neckermann Palladium Mico Line 2000C
      Nikko ND-500H
      nippon TD-3003
      Saba CD278, CD 362, CD 363
      Schneider SL 7270 C
      Sencor SD-6650
      Siemens RC 333, RC 300
      Studer A710 High Com
      Telefunken TC 750, TC 450, TC 450M, TC 650, TC 650M, STC 1 / CC 20, MC 1, MC 2, HC 700, HC 800, HC 1500, HC 3000, HC 750M, HC 730T, RC 100, RC 200, RC 300, Hifi Studio 1, Hifi Studio 1M, Studio Center 5004, Studio Center 5005, Studio Center 7004
      Tensai TFL-812
      Uher CG 321, CG 325, CG 344, CG 356, CG 365, mini-hit
      Quelle Universum Senator CT 2307, Senator CT 2307A, CT 2318 (for SYSTEM HIFI 7500 SL), Senator CT 2337, Senator VTCF 407
      Wangine K-3M, WSK-120, WSK-220
      Other devices can be used with an external High Com compander box.


      See also


      CX (Compatible Expansion), another disk noise reduction system
      dbx, a competing noise reduction system
      Dolby noise reduction system
      Dolby SR (Spectral Recording)
      Dynamic Noise Reduction (DNR), a playback-only noise reduction system often confused with Dolby
      FMX (broadcasting), another FM noise reduction system
      UC (Universal Compatible), another disk noise reduction system


      Notes




      References




      Further reading


      Wermuth, Jürgen; Temmer, Stephan F. (1975-08-29). "Dynamikerweiterung durch neuartigen Studio-Kompander" [Dynamic expansion through novel studio compander]. Funkschau - Radio, Fernsehen, Elektroakustik, Elektronik (in German). Vol. 47, no. 18. Munich, Germany: Franzis-Verlag GmbH. pp. 103–106? / 571–. ISSN 0016-2841. (NB. This article mixes up the Dolby curve.)
      Wermuth, Jürgen (1975-11-22) [1975-11-19]. Dynamik-Erweiterung durch neuartigen Studio-Kompander [Dynamic expansion through novel studio compander]. 10. Tonmeistertagung (in German). Köln, Germany.
      Schröder, Ernst F.; Wermuth, Jürgen (1976-10-05). "Ein neues Kompandersystem – Grundlagen und Einsatzmöglichkeiten" [A new compander system - Basics and applications]. Fernseh- und Kinotechnik (FKT) (Speech at the FKTG Tagung) (in German). Vol. 30, no. 12. Freiburg, Germany. pp. 9–11.
      Wermuth, Jürgen (June 1976). "Compander Increases Dynamic Range". db Magazine.
      Dickopp, Gerhard; Schröder, Ernst F. (1978). "Der Telefunken-Kompander" [The Telefunken compander]. Rundfunktechnische Mitteilungen (RTM) (in German). 22 (2): 17–28 / 63–74.
      Dickopp, Gerhard; Schröder, Ernst F. (1978-08-11). "Meßverfahren für Kompander" [Measurement technologies for companders]. Funkschau (in German). Vol. 50, no. 17. Munich, Germany: Franzis-Verlag GmbH. pp. 29–32. ISSN 0016-2841.
      Schröder, Ernst F.; Wermuth, Jürgen (1978-07-13), Circuit system for the generation of a direct control voltage which is dependent on an alternating voltage, DE2830784, US4321482 [28]
      Scholz, Werner (1978-12-23), Schaltung zur wahlweisen automatischen Dynamikkompression oder -expansion, DE2856045 [29]
      Dickopp, Gerhard; Schröder, Ernst F. (April 1979). "HIGH COM - Ein Kompander von Telefunken". Telefunken Firmenschrift (in German). Telefunken.
      Schröder, Ernst F. (1979-05-12), Schaltung zur wahlweisen automatischen Dynamikkompression oder -expansion, DE2919280 [30]
      Shorter, Geoffrey (November 1979). "Europe responds to Japanese video - Internationale Funkausstellung, Berlin 24.8-2.9" (PDF). wireless world - Electronics / Television / Radio / Audio (report). Vol. 85, no. 1527. IPC Business Press Ltd. pp. 46–50 [49]. ISSN 0043-6062. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-03-09. Retrieved 2021-04-25.
      "Das neue Rausch- und Störunterdrückungssystem von Telefunken. Ein Meilenstein in der High-Fidelity.". Telefunken Report '79–80 - HiFi-Anlagen, Radio-Rekorder, Heimradios (Product catalog) (in German). Telefunken. 1979. p. 28. E-Nr. 370381235. Archived from the original on 2020-07-02. Retrieved 2020-07-02.
      "High-Com für Profis". Funkschau (in German). Vol. 52, no. 14. Munich, Germany: Franzis-Verlag GmbH. 1980-07-04. pp. 81–. ISSN 0016-2841.
      Wiedenroth, Bernd (1980-08-15). "High-Com - Überblick und Entwicklungsstand". Funkschau (in German). Vol. 52, no. 17. Munich, Germany: Franzis-Verlag GmbH. pp. 67–71. ISSN 0016-2841.
      Schröder, Ernst F. (Summer 1980). Dynamikkompander - Stand und Ausblick (in German). Nachrichtentechnisches Kolloqium im Fachbereich Elektrotechnik der Universität Duisburg.
      Roberson, Howard A. (1980). "Nakamichi High-Com II Noise-Reduction System". Audio. Equipment profiles. No. 9. pp. 62–66.
      Schröder, Ernst F. (1980). "A New Integrated Audio Compansion System". Proceedings of the Forth European Conference on Electronics (Eurocon '80). Stuttgart, Germany: 612–614.
      Höppner, Dietrich; Schröder, Ernst F. (October 1980). "HIGH COM - ein Kompander zur breitbandigen Geräuschunterdrückung". Technische Rundschau (in German) (41).
      "Nakamichi High-Com II Noise Reduction System" (PDF). Modern Recording & Music. Vol. 6, no. 1. Port Washington, New York, USA: Cowan Publishing Corp. October 1980. p. 75. ISSN 0361-0004. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-05-16. Retrieved 2021-05-17. [31]
      "Das neue Rausch- und Störunterdrückungssystem von Telefunken. Ein Meilenstein in der High-Fidelity.". Telefunken High Fidelity Programm '80–81 (Product catalog) (in German). Telefunken. 1980. p. 4. E-Nr. 318391519. Archived from the original on 2020-07-02. Retrieved 2020-07-02.
      "High-Com Professional (TTS NR-2)". StudioMix. Studio (in German). No. 35?. Studio Presse Verlags GmbH. January 1981. pp. 20?–21? [5?]. Archived from the original on 2021-04-25. Retrieved 2021-04-25.
      "Kompandersystem; Dolby C kontra High Com". Funkschau (in German). Vol. 53, no. 7. Munich, Germany: Franzis-Verlag GmbH. 1981-04-03. pp. 76–. ISSN 0016-2841.
      "HIGH COM". Audio Engineering. 1981 (3): 30–35. 1981.
      Schröder, Ernst F. (1981). Kompatibilität von Konsumgeräte-Kompandern zur Geräuschunterdrückung. 1. Tonmeistertagung (Report) (in German). Munich, Germany. pp. 295–301.
      Ratzki, Werner (1982-08-06). "Einbau eines Kompanders - Verstärker mit High-Com". Funkschau - Elektronik in Audio und Video, Kommunikation und Meßtechnik (in German). Vol. 54, no. 16. Munich, Germany: Franzis-Verlag GmbH. pp. 57–59. ISSN 0016-2841. Archived from the original on 2020-07-01. Retrieved 2020-07-01. [32] (3 pages)
      "Rauschkiller: Dolby- und High-Com-Rauschminderung - Teil 1". Funkschau (in German). Vol. 55, no. 3. Munich, Germany: Franzis-Verlag GmbH. February 1983. pp. 76–. ISSN 0016-2841. Part 1, "Rauschkiller: Dolby- und High-Com-Rauschminderung - Teil 2". Funkschau (in German). Vol. 55, no. 4. Munich, Germany: Franzis-Verlag GmbH. February 1983. pp. 82–. ISSN 0016-2841. Part 2, "Rauschkiller: Dolby- und High-Com-Rauschminderung - Teil 3". Funkschau (in German). Vol. 55, no. 5. Munich, Germany: Franzis-Verlag GmbH. March 1983. pp. 80–. ISSN 0016-2841. Part 3.
      Simon, Günter (July–August 1983). "Riduzione del rumore nei registratori - part I" (PDF). Alta fedelta'. Selezione di Tecniche Elettroniche (in Italian). No. 7/8. Milano, Italy: Jacopo Castelfranchi Editore (JCE). pp. 59–62. ark:/13960/t23c2wm6j. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-04-25. Retrieved 2021-04-25 [33], Simon, Günter (September 1983). "Riduzione del rumore nei registratori - part II" (PDF). Alta fedelta'. Selezione di Tecniche Elettroniche (in Italian). No. 9. Milano, Italy: Jacopo Castelfranchi Editore (JCE). pp. 90–92, 95–96. ark:/13960/t8rc3ws0t. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-04-25. Retrieved 2021-04-25 [34], Simon, Günter (October 1983). "Riduzione del rumore nei registratori - part III" (PDF). Alta fedelta'. Selezione di Tecniche Elettroniche (in Italian). No. 10. Milano, Italy: Jacopo Castelfranchi Editore (JCE). pp. 92–96. ark:/13960/t8kd8r97z. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-04-25. Retrieved 2021-04-25. [35][36]
      Telefunken U401BR. Archived from the original on 2017-11-14. Retrieved 2017-11-14. [37]
      Schneider, Wolfgang (February 1985). "telcom c4 noise reduction system" (PDF). Studio Sound and Broadcast Engineering. Vol. 27, no. 2. Croydon, UK: Link House Publications PLC. pp. 46–48. ISSN 0133-5944. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-03-10. Retrieved 2021-05-16. (3 pages)
      Spencer-Allen, Keith (April 1986). "Practical telcom c4" (PDF). Studio Sound and Broadcast Engineering. Vol. 28, no. 4. Croydon, UK: Link House Publications PLC. pp. 56–58. ISSN 0133-5944. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-03-10. Retrieved 2021-05-16. (3 pages)
      "HIGH-COM" User Manual / Service Manual (HIGH-COM code+decode 9.5") (PDF). Weesp, Netherlands: D&R Electronica B.V. 1986-11-05 [1985-04-04, 1984]. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-02-23. Retrieved 2021-04-25. [38] (3+13 pages)
      Schröder, Ernst F. (1989-07-07). Beitrag zur Analyse und zur Dimensionierung von Kompandern anhand einer einheitlichen Beschreibungsweise [Contribution to Analysis and Dimensioning of Companders by utilizing a Unified Description] (PDF) (PhD thesis) (in German). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-05-29. Retrieved 2017-11-15.
      Görne, Thomas (2006). Schmidt, Ulrich (ed.). Tontechnik [Audio technology] (in German) (1 ed.). Leipzig, Germany: Carl Hanser. ISBN 3-446-40198-9.


      External links


      https://www.radiomuseum.org/r/thomsen_el_high_com_rauschunterdrueckung_hobby_com.html
      http://www.tonbandhobby.de/high-com.htm#aiwa
      http://haisen.cool.coocan.jp/garakuta/AV/audio/NR.htm
      https://www.ernstschroeder.de/highcom.htm

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