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      • Invasion stripes were alternating black and white bands painted on the fuselages and wings of Allied aircraft during World War II to reduce the chance that they would be attacked by friendly forces during and after the Normandy Landings. Three white and two black bands were wrapped around the rear of a fuselage just in front of the empennage (tail) and from front to back around the upper and lower wing surfaces.


      Background


      After a study concluded that the thousands of aircraft involved in the invasion (scheduled for June 6, 1944) would saturate and break down the IFF system, the marking scheme was approved on May 17, 1944, by Air Chief Marshal Sir Trafford Leigh-Mallory, commanding the Allied Expeditionary Air Force. A small-scale test exercise was flown over the OVERLORD invasion fleet on June 1, to familiarise the ships' crews with the markings, but for security reasons, orders to paint the stripes were not issued to the troop carrier units until June 3 and to the fighter and bomber units until June 4.


      Application


      Stripes were applied to fighters, photo-reconnaissance aircraft, troop carriers, twin-engined medium and light bombers, and some special duty aircraft. They were not painted on four-engined heavy bombers of the U.S. Eighth Air Force or RAF Bomber Command, as there was little chance of mistaken identity, the Luftwaffe having few such bombers (the Heinkel He 177 and Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condor being the exceptions). The order affected all aircraft of the Allied Expeditionary Air Force, the Air Defence of Great Britain, gliders, and support aircraft such as Coastal Command air-sea rescue aircraft whose duties might entail their overflying Allied anti-aircraft defenses.
      One month after D-Day, the stripes were ordered removed from planes' upper surfaces to make them more difficult to spot on the ground at forward bases in France. They were completely removed by the end of 1944 after the Allies achieved total air supremacy over France.
      During Operation Dragoon, two wings of IX Troop Carrier Command were sent to Italy to reinforce troop carrier forces in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations. Invasion stripes were painted on the aircraft of the 51st Troop Carrier Wing, already stationed there, to provide uniform markings during the operation.


      = Marking description

      =

      The stripes were five alternating black and white stripes. On single-engine aircraft each stripe was to be 18 inches (46 cm) wide, placed 6 inches (15 cm) inboard of the roundels on the wings and 18 inches (46 cm) forward of the leading edge of the tailplane on the fuselage. National markings and serial number were not to be obliterated. On twin-engine aircraft the stripes were 24 inches (61 cm) wide, placed 24 inches (61 cm) outboard of the engine nacelles on the wings, and 18 inches (46 cm) forward of the leading edge of the tailplane around the fuselage. However, American aircraft using the invasion stripes very commonly had some part of the added "bar" section of their post-1942 roundels overlapping the invasion strips on the wings.
      In most cases the stripes were painted on by the ground crews; with only a few hours' notice, few of the stripes were "masked". As a result, depending on the abilities of the "erks" (RAF nickname for ground crew), the stripes were often far from neat and tidy.


      See also


      Identification friend or foe
      Combat Identification Panel
      Nelson Chequer, early 19th-century identification pattern
      United Nations Honour Flag
      Z (military symbol) and cossack crosses, symbols serving a similar purpose by belligerents during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine


      References



      Robertson, Bruce (1967). Aircraft Markings of the World 1912–1967. Letchworth, England: Harleyford Publications.
      Warren, John C. (September 1955). "Airborne Missions in the Mediterranean 1942–1945, USAF Historical Study No. 74" (PDF). Research Studies Institute, USAF Historical Division, Air University. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 13, 2013. Retrieved January 21, 2021.


      External links



      "The History of Invasion Stripes". Classic Warbirds. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
      Janus, Allan (6 June 2014). "The Stripes of D-Day". National Air and Space Museum. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
      "D-Day invasion stripes in 35 images". War History Online. 17 June 2015. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
      Shaw, Frederick J. "Army Air Forces and the Normandy Invasion, April 1 to July 12, 1944". U.S. Air Force. Archived from the original on August 31, 2019. Retrieved June 11, 2007 – via Rutgers University.

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    Invasion stripes - Wikipedia

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    Warplanes of a Different Stripe - HistoryNet

    22 Jul 2020 · As the 5,000-ship armada readied to sail, Allied military authorities locked down air bases across Britain, and ground crews began the daunting task of painting thousands of warplanes with the black-and-white recognition markings, dubbed “invasion stripes.”