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Jewish names, specifically one's given name, have varied over time and by location and ethnic group. Other types of names used by Jewish people include the surname and the religious name known as the Hebrew name.




Given names


Given names, also known as "first names," have a range of customs within different Jewish ethnic groups. Common given names, however, remain similar in many parts of the Jewish community, with many of them based on figures in the Hebrew Bible or honoring relatives. These are distinguished from the Hebrew name, which retained the original formulation of Jewish names.




= Sephardi customs

=
Sephardim have often named newborn children in honor of their living grandparents. This practice typically uses these names in a specific order: the father's father, the father's mother, the mother's father, the mother's mother.




= Ashkenazi customs

=
In stark contrast to Sephardi customs, Ashkenazim have a longstanding superstition about naming a child after a living person. Instead, only a deceased relative's name may be used. According to this superstition, naming a child after a living person could appear as though you are waiting for that person to die. This practice is rooted in Jewish custom and has no standing in Jewish law. While not many Jewish people necessarily believe in the superstition per se, the lack of precedence makes practices such as a (living) father naming his son after himself an unusual occurrence for Ashkenazim.
A peculiarity of Yiddish names for Ashkenazi Jews was recording legal names in diminutive form. These dimunitive forms could be either hypocoristics (pet names) or deprecative. This tradition was more widespread for female names rather than for male names. There was a wide variety of suffixes added to a normative form of the name. Depending on the country of residence, the suffixes were borrowed into Yiddish, e.g., from German, Russian, Polish, Belarusian, etc. languages. In many cases these suffixed were used to create nicknames from regular words.
Some examples: Leiba, Leibuța (Romanian-language) from Leib, Berele or Bereleyn from Berl/Berel, Khaytsi, Chayka from Chaya, Rivka from Riva which itself was from Rebecca, Motke, Mordkhe, or Mordka from Mordechai, Feygele, Faygele from Feigl/Foigl ("bird", which could also be used as a female name), etc.
See also Bilingual Hebrew-Yiddish tautological names




Surnames


While many surnames are associated with Jewish people in the United States, there are only three surnames rooted in ancient Jewish culture: Kohen (or Cohen), Levy, and Israel. These names originate with the Israelite tribes which bear the same name. Variations on these names are common and most often reflect different ways of transliterating the Hebrew version.
Apart from these original surnames, the surnames of Jewish people of the present have typically reflected family history and their ethnic group within the Jewish people. Sephardic communities began to take on surnames in the Middle Ages (specifically c.10th and 11th centuries), and these surnames reflect the languages spoken by the Sephardic subset of the Jewish diaspora, including Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian. Ashkenazi communities of Northern and Eastern Europe, however, did not take on surnames until later (c.14th and 15th centuries). As with many other European communities, it was not unusual for a surname of this time period to reflect patrilineal relationships (e.g. Abraham's son --> Abramson, Abramsohn, etc.).




Hebrew name


The Hebrew name is a Jewish practice rooted in the practices of early Jewish communities and Judaism. This Hebrew name is used for religious purposes, such as when the child is called to read the Torah at their b'nei mitzvah.
The baby's name is traditionally announced during the brit milah (circumcision ceremony) for male babies, typically on the eighth day after his birth. Female babies may also have a naming ceremony, known by several different names, including zeved habat, b'rit bat, and b'rit chayim. This may be held between 7 and 30 days after her birth.
The Hebrew name follows a particular format that reflects gender:

Male: [Hebrew given name] ben [parents' Hebrew given names]
Example: Abraham ben David v'Sarah
Female: [Hebrew given name] bat [parents' Hebrew given names]
Example: Leah bat David v'Sarah
Neutral: [Hebrew given name] mibeit or mimishpachat [parents' Hebrew given names]
Example: Lior mibeit David v'Sarah OR Lior mimishpachat David v'Sarah
The chosen Hebrew name can be related to the child's secular given name, but it does not have to be. The name is typically Biblical or based in Modern Hebrew.
For those who convert to Judaism and thus lack parents with Hebrew names, their parents are given as Abraham and Sarah, the first Jewish people of the Hebrew Bible. Those adopted by Jewish parents use the names of their adoptive parents.




See also


List of Jewish nobility
Family name etymology
Jewish Encyclopedia articles
Zeved habat
Hollekreisch
Brit milah




References






Bibliography


This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "Names (Personal)". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
Schreiber, Mordecai; Schiff, Alvin I.; Klenicki, Leon (2003). "Names". The Shengold Jewish Encyclopedia. Schreiber Pub. ISBN 978-1-887563-77-2.
Weiss, Nelly (2002). The origin of Jewish family names: morphology and history. P. Lang. ISBN 978-0-8204-5644-7.
G. Buchanan Gray, Hebrew Proper Names, London, 1898;
T. Nöldeke, in Cheyne and Black, Encyc. Bibl. (with extensive bibliography). Talmudic: Schorr, in He-Ḥaluẓ, vol. ix.;
Hirsch Perez Chajes, Beiträge zur Nordsemitischen Onomatologie;
Bacher, in R. E. J. xiv. 42–47. Modern: Andræe, Zur Volkskunde der Juden, pp. 120–128;
Zunz, Namen der Juden, in Ges. Schriften, ii. 1-82;
Löw, Lebensalter, pp. 92–109;
Orient, Lit. vi. 129–241; vii. 42, 620;
Steinschneider, in Hebr. Bibl. pp. 556, 962;
idem, in Z. D. M. G. xxxii. 91;
Hyamson, Jewish Surnames, in Jewish Literary Annual, 1903, pp. 53–78;
M. Sablatzky, Lexikon der Pseudonymen Hebr. Schriftsteller, Berdychev, 1902.
What’s in a Name? 25 Jewish Stories. Jewish Museum of Switzerland, 2022, ISBN 978-3-907262-34-4




External links


List of Hebrew given names at Wiktionary
GABIN List of Jewish surnames, from a Polish Business Directory
Family Names of the Jews of Ethiopia - The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot
My Hebrew Name Database
Origins of a number of Ashkenazi Jewish surnames

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Daftar Isi

• My Jewish Name – AskTheRabbi.org
• Naming a Child With a Non-Jewish Name – AskTheRabbi.org
• My Jewish Name – AskTheRabbi.org
• Newborn Name – AskTheRabbi.org
• Giving and Choosing a Jewish Name – AskTheRabbi.org
• Opening a Business on Shabbos – AskTheRabbi.org
• Name for Aliya – AskTheRabbi.org
• Name Calling – AskTheRabbi.org
• Intermarriage – AskTheRabbi.org
• Name on Bris and Bar Mitzvah Certificates Don’t Match

My Jewish Name – AskTheRabbi.org

For example, God changed Sarah’s name (Gen. 17:15) from Sarai to Sarah to indicate her true, new essence as the “queen of everyone.” While there is no obligation to have an official Jewish name, it is definitely something a Jewish person should have. Choosing a name should be easy. Here are some suggestions for choosing a name.

Naming a Child With a Non-Jewish Name – AskTheRabbi.org

Jun 24, 2022 · My grandmother’s name was Virginia, and she was better known as Ginny. To me, she was known as Bubbe, even though she wasn’t Jewish. We’ve been trying to figure out what Hebrew girls name sounds closest to Virginia or Ginny. In my family, we have no Hebrew names to name after. My ancestry is not Jewish because my mother converted.

My Jewish Name – AskTheRabbi.org

Many people just choose any Hebrew name that sounds similar to their English name. This is a widespread practice and is perfectly acceptable. Another point to keep in mind is that we are taught to choose names that are “normal” and acceptable in each generation. One should not choose a name that will likely lead to embarrassment.

Newborn Name – AskTheRabbi.org

The accepted custom among Ashkenazim is not use the names of those living. However, among the Sephardim it is considered to be a great honor to have a baby named after you. In truth, I am not sure that there are any “implications,” per se. It is a custom but it is not a matter of Jewish law.

Giving and Choosing a Jewish Name – AskTheRabbi.org

Can someone be given a Hebrew name posthumously? Deceased had a Jewish mother with a Hebrew name and a Christian father. Also, can the daughter of this person, who is now an adult, be given a Hebrew name now, which she would like to have done?

Opening a Business on Shabbos – AskTheRabbi.org

Hi. How can a religious jew have an online business which has customer service available on Shabbos? From what I’ve read online, one can start the company together with a non-jewish partner who will take an eighth of the profits, but it seems that one must be careful that it should be a ‘real partnership’ […]

Name for Aliya – AskTheRabbi.org

For Aliya and other circumstances when a Jewish man need to name his father, what other way can I refer to my self of “son of” instead of using my birth fathers name who I no longer wish to use?  

Name Calling – AskTheRabbi.org

With the name of Zev (Wolf) we are recalling Binyamin, whose character was wolf-like — “a mighty and fearless warrior.” The animals are mere symbols of very human qualities. “Yehuda ben Teima said: Be as fearless as a leopard, as light as an eagle, as fast as a deer and as powerful as a lion — to do the will of your Father in Heaven.”

Intermarriage – AskTheRabbi.org

I found out by accident that his mother is a Jew who was brought up Jewish and converted to Catholicism when she married his father. His immediate family actually practices very little religion at all and he considers himself an atheist. In other words, this wedding is an intermarriage.

Name on Bris and Bar Mitzvah Certificates Don’t Match

My bris certificate names me as Elan. My bar mitzvah certificate says Alon. I know that my parents believed my Hebrew name to be Alon at the time. My Q: is one more official than the other? does it create any confusion that needs to be sorted out?   Thanks, Itsyk