List of historical separatist movements in Asia GudangMovies21 Rebahinxxi LK21

    This is a list of historical separatist movements in Asia. Separatism includes autonomism and secessionism.


    Criteria


    What is and is not considered an autonomist or secessionist movement is sometimes contentious. Entries on this list must meet three criteria:

    They are no longer an active movement with active members.
    They are demanded greater autonomy or self-determination for a geographic region (as opposed to personal autonomy).
    They were citizens/people of the conflict area and did not come from another country.
    Under each region listed is one or more of the following:

    De facto state (de facto entity): for unrecognized regions with de facto autonomy.
    Proposed state: proposed name for a seceding sovereign state.
    Proposed autonomous area: for movements towards greater autonomy for an area but not outright secession.
    De facto autonomous government: for governments with de facto autonomous control over a region.
    Government-in-exile: for a government based outside of the region in question, with or without control.
    Political party (or parties): for political parties involved in a political system to push for autonomy or secession.
    Militant organisation(s): for armed organisations.
    Advocacy group(s): for non-belligerent, non-politically participatory entities.
    Ethnic/ethno-religious/racial/regional/religious group(s).


    List




    = Bangladesh

    =
    People: Jumma people
    Political party: Porbotto Chottogram Jonshonghoti Shomiti
    Rebel organisation: Shanti Bahini
    Proposed state: Autonomous Hill Tribes
    Status: Inactive following the 1996 peace treaty between the Government of Bangladesh and the tribal leaders.
    People: Bengali Hindus
    Political party: Swadhin Bangabhumi Andolan
    Rebel organisation: Banga Sena
    Proposed State: Bangabhumi


    = China

    =
    Mainland China

    De facto state: Chinese Soviet Republic
    Political party: Chinese Communist Party
    Armed organization: Chinese Red Army
    Proposed state: People's Republic of China
    Political party: Chinese Communist Party
    Outer Mongolia

    De facto state: Great Mongolian State
    Political organization: Bogd Khanate
    Proposed state: Mongolian People's Republic
    Political party: Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party


    = Cyprus

    =
    Rebel organizations: EOKA, Turkish Resistance Organisation


    = France (associated territories)

    =
    Indochina

    Proposed state: Kingdom of Cambodia
    Political organization: Khmer Issarak
    Proposed state: Laos
    Militant organization: Lao Issara, Pathet Lao
    Proposed state: State of Vietnam
    Political organization: Viet Quoc
    Mandate of Syria

    Political organization: National Bloc


    = India

    =
    People: Sikh
    Militant organisation: Khalistan Liberation Force, Babbar Khalsa, Khalistan Commando Force
    Proposed state: Khalistan
    Status: Separatist movement crushed
    People: Tripuri
    Militant organisation: National Liberation Front of Tripura, All Tripura Tiger Force
    Proposed state: Tipperaland
    Status: Separatist movement crushed
    People: Garo, Khasi
    Militant organisation: Garo National Liberation Army, Hynniewtrep National Liberation Council
    Proposed state: Garoland, Hynniewtrep
    Status: Separatist movement crushed
    People: Bodo
    Militant organisation: National Democratic Front of Boroland
    Proposed state: Boroland
    Status: Separatist groups disbanded, surrender agreement signed with government.
    People: Karbi
    Militant organisation: Karbi Longri N.C. Hills Liberation Front, United People's Democratic Solidarity
    Proposed state: Hemprek Kangthim
    Status: Separatist movement crushed. Groups disbanded, surrender agreement signed with government.
    People: Dimasa
    Militant organisation: Dima Halam Daogah
    Proposed state: Dimaraji
    Status: Separatist movement crushed. Groups disbanded, surrender agreement signed with government.
    People: Tani
    Militant organisation: National Liberation Council of Taniland
    Proposed state: Taniland
    Status: Separatist movement crushed


    = Indonesia

    =
    Aceh

    Proposed state: Aceh
    Militant organization: Free Aceh Movement


    = Iran

    =
    Kurdistan

    Proposed state: Republic of Mahabad
    Militant organization: Democratic Party of Kurdistan
    Iranian Azerbaijan

    Proposed state: Azerbaijan People's Government
    Militant organization: Azerbaijani Democratic Party
    Khorasan

    Proposed state: Autonomous Government of Khorasan
    Militant organization: National Committee of Khorasan(Komitey-e Melli-e Khorasan)


    = Israel/Palestine

    =
    Samaritans in Nablus Governorate, West Bank

    Proposed state: Mount Gerizim


    = Timor

    =
    Proposed state: Timor-Leste
    Political party: Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor


    = Japan

    =
    Ezo

    De facto state: Republic of Ezo


    = Maldives

    =
    Suvadives

    Proposed state: United Suvadive Republic


    = Netherlands (associated territories)

    =
    Dutch East Indies

    Proposed state: Republic of Indonesia


    = Oman

    =
    Dhofar

    Militant organizations: Dhofar Liberation Front (DLF), Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman (PFLO), Popular Front for the Liberation of the Occupied Arabian Gulf/Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman and the Arabian Gulf (PFLOAG)


    = Pakistan

    =
    East Pakistan

    People: Bengalis (East Pakistanis)
    Political party: Bangladesh Awami League
    Rebel organization: Mukti Bahini
    De facto state: People's Republic of Bangladesh
    Status: Resulted in independence of Bangladesh in 1971 after the Bangladesh Liberation War.


    = Philippines

    =
    Bangsamoro (Mindanao, Sulu Islands, and Palawan)

    Proposed state: Bangsamoro Republik
    Political organization: Moro National Liberation Front
    Militant organization: Bangsamoro Armed Forces
    Proposed state: Bangsamoro Autonomous Region (originally for independence)
    Political organization: Moro Islamic Liberation Front
    Militant organization: Bangsamoro Islamic Armed Forces
    Proposed state: Federal Republic of Mindanao
    Militant organization: Mindanao People's Democratic Movement
    Advocacy group: Mindanao Independence Movement, Mindanao Freedom Movement


    = Saudi Arabia

    =
    Hejaz

    Proposed state: Kingdom of Hejaz (restoration of historical kingdom)
    Political organization: Committee for the Liberation of Arabia


    = Spain (associated territories)

    =
    Spanish East Indies

    Philippine archipelago
    Secessionist entities: Katagalugan, Republic of the Philippines, Cantonal Republic of Negros, Republic of Zamboanga
    Militant organization: Katipunan
    Society: La Liga Filipina
    Ilocos
    Secessionist state: Free Ilocos


    = Sri Lanka

    =
    Sri Lankan Tamil people

    Proposed state: Tamil Eelam
    Political party: Tamil National Alliance
    Militant organisation: Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam
    Advocacy groups: Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam, Global Tamil Forum
    Government in exile: Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam


    = Syria

    =
    Syrian Druze

    Proposed state: Jabal Druze State
    Rebel organization: Jaysh al-Muwahhideen


    = Turkey

    =
    Political party: Armenian Revolutionary Federation, Social Democrat Hunchakian Party, Armenian Democratic Liberal Party (Ramgavar Party)
    Rebel organization: Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia


    = United Kingdom (associated territories)

    =
    Burma

    Political organization: Dobama Asiayone
    Militant organization: Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League, Burma Independence Army, Communist Party of Burma
    India

    Proposed state: India
    Political party: All India Forward Bloc, Hindustan Socialist Republican Association, Indian National Congress, Communist Party of India, Swaraj Party, Ghadar Party
    Parallel government: Arzi Hukumat-e-Azad Hind
    Rebel organization: Indian National Army
    Malaya

    Proposed state: Federation of Malaya
    Political party: Alliance Party (United Malays National Organisation, Malayan Chinese Association, and Malayan Indian Congress)
    Penang

    Ethnic groups: Penangites, Penangite Chinese
    Proposed state: Penang
    Organization: Penang Chamber of Commerce, Penang Straits Chinese British Association, Penang Chinese Town Hall, Penang Chamber of Commerce, Penang Indian Chamber of Commerce, Settlement of Penang Association, Penang Eurasian Association, Penang Muslim Chamber of Commerce


    = United States (associated territories)

    =
    Commonwealth of the Philippines

    Political party: Nacionalista Party
    Proposed state: Republic of the Philippines
    Mindanao

    Ethnic group: Maranao
    Proposed state: Separate independence for Mindanao from the Luzon and Visayas regions. (See Dansalan Declaration)


    See also


    List of historical unrecognized states and dependencies
    List of active separatist movements recognized by intergovernmental organizations
    Lists of separatist movements


    References

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