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Artikel: Margaret Formation GudangMovies21 Rebahinxxi
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The Margaret Formation is a geologic formation of the Eureka Sound Group in the Sverdrup Basin in Northwest Territories and Nunavut, Canada. The unit belonging to the Eureka Sound Group which crops out at Ellesmere Island preserves fossils dating back to the Early Eocene period, or Wasatchian in the NALMA classification.
The Margaret Formation comprises sandstones, sandy siltstones, clay-rich sandstones, coal seams and clay-rich coal seams and volcanic ash beds. The thickness of the formation, which overlies the Mount Moore Formation, reaches about 140 metres (460 ft). Radiometric dating of the formation provided ages of 52.6 ± 1.9 Ma (2010) and 53.7 ± 0.6 Ma (2017).
The area where the formation was deposited in the Early Eocene experienced a much warmer climate than the High Arctic today, with mean annual temperatures ranging from 7.6 to 12.9 °C (45.7 to 55.2 °F) and warmest month mean temperatures from 18.2 to 22.2 °C (64.8 to 72.0 °F). The deltaic to swamp environment of the Margaret Formation has provided a diverse fauna of various groups of mammals, birds (Presbyornis and Gastornis), reptiles (turtles, snakes, lizards and crocodiles) and fish.
Description
The Margaret Formation comprises sandstones, sandy siltstones, clay-rich sandstones, coal seams and clay-rich coal seams and volcanic ash beds. The thickness of the formation, which overlies the Mount Moore Formation, reaches about 140 metres (460 ft).
The formation was probably deposited in a lush proximal delta front to delta plain environment, with abundant channels and coal swamps.
= Dating
=
A volcanic ash layer containing crandallite in the middle of the formation was dated using U-Pb radiometric dating in 2017 to 53.7 ± 0.6 Ma. In 2010, ashes of the formation were dated to 52.6 ± 1.9 Ma.
= Arctic climate of the Early Eocene
=
During the Early Eocene, the climate of much of northern North America was warm and wet, with mean annual temperatures (MAT) as high as 20 °C (68 °F), mean annual precipitation (MAP) of 100 to 150 centimetres (39 to 59 in), mild frost-free winters (coldest month mean temperature >5 °C (41 °F)), and climatic conditions that supported extensive temperate forest ecosystems.
Ensemble estimates of mean annual temperatures for the high-latitude fossil localities in Arctic Canada ranged from 7.6 to 12.9 °C (45.7 to 55.2 °F), with the range of coldest month mean temperature from 1.3 to 4.2 °C (34.3 to 39.6 °F) and warmest month mean temperatures from 18.2 to 22.2 °C (64.8 to 72.0 °F). Mean annual precipitation estimates for the Margaret Formation ranged between 131 and 180 centimetres (52 and 71 in). The mean summer precipitation has been estimated at 1,134 millimetres (44.6 in) and mean winter precipitation at 366 millimetres (14.4 in).
The fossils and sedimentology indicate a lush, rain forest community on a coastal delta plain. Multiple palaeoclimate proxies, ranging from oxygen isotope analysis of vertebrate
bones and teeth to palaeofloral analyses, estimate a mild temperate climate for the Eocene High Arctic, where winters remained at or just above freezing and summer temperatures extended to 20 °C (68 °F) or higher. These temperatures are a far cry from today's High Arctic, where central Ellesmere Island experiences a mean annual temperature of −19 °C (−2 °F), a warm month mean temperature of about 6 °C (43 °F) and a cold month mean temperature of −38 °C (−36 °F) or colder.
Despite the mild Eocene Arctic climate, the vertebrate fauna would have experienced months of total darkness and cooler temperatures during the winter. Recent isotopic work suggests that some mammals, including the hippo-like Coryphodon, were year-round residents in the High Arctic. Given that Gastornis was large (approaching
2 metres (6.6 ft)) and flightless, it likely also was a year-round resident of the Arctic. In contrast, the volant Presbyornis might have been a seasonal migrant to the Arctic.
Fossil content
The formation has provided the following fossils:
= Mammals
=
Primates
Paromomyidae indet.
Acreodi
Pachyaena sp.
Carnivora
Dermoptera
Plagiomene sp.
Eutheria
Ferae
Glires
Hyaenodonta
Prolimnocyon sp.
Leptictida
Prodiacodon sp.
Multituberculata
Pantodonta
Coryphodon pisuqti
Perissodactyla
= Birds
=
Anseriformes
Presbyornis cf. pervetus
Gastornithiformes
Gastornis sp.
= Reptiles
=
Turtles
Crocodiles
Allognathosuchus sp.
Lizards
Snakes
Erycidae indet.
= Amphibians
=
Caudata
Piceoerpeton willwoodense
= Fish
=
Teleostei
Esox sp.
Amiiformes
Lepisosteiformes
?Lepisosteus sp.
Correlations
The formation has been correlated with the Allenby Formation and Kamloops Group of British Columbia, the Chickaloon Formation of Alaska, and with the Wishbone, Chuckanut and Iceberg Bay Formations. The upper Margaret Formation also has been correlated with the Buchanan Lake Formation of the Eastern Arctic Archipelago.
See also
References
= Bibliography
=
Geology and climate
West, Christopher K.; Greenwood, David R.; Reichgelt, Tammo; Lowe, Alexander J.; Vachon, Janelle M.; Basinger, James F. (2020), "Paleobotanical proxies for early Eocene climates and ecosystems in northern North America from middle to high latitudes", Climate of the Past, 16 (4): 1387–1410, Bibcode:2020CliPa..16.1387W, doi:10.5194/cp-16-1387-2020, retrieved 2020-09-05
Sudermann, Markus; Galloway, Jennifer; Greenwood, David Robert; West, Christopher K.; Reinhardt, Lutz (2017), A palynological investigation of the Arctic late Paleocene–early Eocene Margaret Formation at Stenkul Fiord, Ellesmere Island, NU, Canada, Climate and Biotic Events of the Paleogene (CBEP 2017), p. 1, retrieved 2020-09-05
Eberle, Jaelyn J.; Greenwood, David R. (2012), "Life at the top of the greenhouse Eocene world — A review of the Eocene flora and vertebrate fauna from Canada's High Arctic", GSA Bulletin, 124 (1–2): 3–23, Bibcode:2012GSAB..124....3E, doi:10.1130/B30571.1
Schubert, Brian A.; Jahren, A. Hope; Eberle, Jaelyn J.; Sternberg, Leonel S.L.; Eberth, David A. (2012), "A summertime rainy season in the Arctic forests of the Eocene", Geology, 40 (6): 523–526, Bibcode:2012Geo....40..523S, doi:10.1130/G32856.1
Reinhardt, Lutz; Andruleit, Harald; Estrada, Solveig; Henjes Kunst, Friedhelm; Piepjohn, Karsten (2010), Altered volcanic ashes in Paleocene/Eocene Eureka Sound Group sediments (Ellesmere Island, Arctic Canada) – new stratigraphic tie-points?, GeoCanada 2010 – Working with the Earth, pp. 1–2
Paleontology
Stidham, T. A.; Eberle, J. J. (2016), "The palaeobiology of high latitude birds from the early Eocene greenhouse of Ellesmere Island, Arctic Canada", Scientific Reports, 6: 1–8, Bibcode:2016NatSR...620912S, doi:10.1038/srep20912, PMC 4751439, PMID 26867798
Beard, K. C.; Dawson, M. R. (2014), "Northernmost Global Record for Multituberculata from the Eocene of Ellesmere Island, Arctic Canada", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 34 (6): 1476–1480, Bibcode:2014JVPal..34.1476B, doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.875032
Dawson, M. R (2012), "Coryphodon, the northernmost Holarctic Paleogene pantodont (Mammalia), and its global wanderings", Swiss Journal of Palaeontology, 131 (1): 11–22, Bibcode:2012SwJP..131...11D, doi:10.1007/s13358-011-0028-1
Gardner, J. D (2012), "Revision of Piceoerpeton MESZOELY (Caudata: Scapherpetontidae) and description of a new species from the late Maastrichtian and ? early Paleocene of western North America", Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France, 183 (6): 611–620, doi:10.2113/gssgfbull.183.6.611
Alroy, J (2006), Synonymies and reidentifications of North American fossil vertebrates
Eberle, J. J (2005), "A new 'tapir' from Ellesmere Island, Arctic Canada - Implications for northern high latitude palaeobiogeography and tapir palaeobiology", Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 227 (4): 311–322, Bibcode:2005PPP...227..311E, doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.06.008
Rose, K. D.; Eberle, J. J.; McKenna, M. C. (2004), "Arcticanodon dawsonae, a primitive new palaeanodont from the lower Eocene of Ellesmere Island, Canadian High Arctic", Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 41 (6): 757–763, Bibcode:2004CaJES..41..757R, doi:10.1139/e04-019
Eberle, J. J.; McKenna, M. C. (2002), "Early Eocene Leptictida, Pantolesta, Creodonta, Carnivora, and Mesonychidae (Mammalia) from the Eureka Sound Group, Ellesmere Island, Nunavut", Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 39 (6): 899–910, Bibcode:2002CaJES..39..899E, doi:10.1139/e02-001
Dawson, M. R (2001), "Early Eocene rodents (Mammalia) from the Eureka Sound Group of Ellesmere Island, Canada", Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 38 (7): 1107–1116, doi:10.1139/E01-010, S2CID 128408506
Eberle, J. J (2001), "Early Eocene Leptictida, Pantolesta, Creodonta, Carnivora, and Cete from Ellesmere Island--Arctic Links to Europe and Asia", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 21: 46A
Dawson, M. R (1990), Canada's Missing Dimension
Estes, R.; Hutchison, J. H. (1980), "Eocene lower vertebrates from Ellesmere Island, Canadian Arctic Archipelago", Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 30: 325–347, Bibcode:1980PPP....30..325E, doi:10.1016/0031-0182(80)90064-4
McKenna, M. C (1980), "Eocene paleolatitude, climate, and mammals of Ellesmere Island", Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 30: 349–362, Bibcode:1980PPP....30..349M, doi:10.1016/0031-0182(80)90065-6
West, R. M.; Dawson, M. R.; Hutchison, J. H. (1977), "Fossils from the Paleogene Eureka Sound Formation, N.W.T., Canada; occurrence, climatic and paleogeographic implications. In West, R. M. (ed), Paleontology and plate tectonics with special reference to the history of the Atlantic Ocean", Milwaukee Public Museum Contributions in Biology and Geology, 2: 77–93
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margaret formationSearch ResultsArtikel Terkait "margaret formation"
The Margaret Formation is a geologic formation of the Eureka Sound Group in the Sverdrup Basin in Northwest Territories and Nunavut, Canada. The unit belonging to the Eureka Sound Group which crops out at Ellesmere Island preserves fossils dating back to the Early Eocene period, or Wasatchian in the NALMA classification. [1]
03 Jul 2021 · The upper Paleocene to lower Eocene Margaret Formation exposed at Stenkul Fiord on southern Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada, represents a nearly continuous terrestrial succession of microfossil-rich clastic sediments and coal.
The Margaret Formation is a geologic formation of the Eureka Sound Group in the Sverdrup Basin in Northwest Territories and Nunavut, Canada. The unit belonging ...
06 Agu 2021 · The upper Paleocene to lower Eocene Margaret Formation exposed at Stenkul Fiord on southern Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada, represents a nearly continuous terrestrial succession of microfossilrich clastic sediments and coal.
14 Jun 2019 · Field studies and interpretative mapping of the area southeast of Stenkul Fiord (Ellesmere Island) revealed that the Margaret Formation clastic deposits consist of at least four sedimentary units (Units 1–4) separated by unconformities.
12 Feb 2016 · The Margaret Formation comprises coarsening-upward sequences of interbedded cross-bedded sandstone, siltstone, mudstone and coal that are interpreted as proximal delta-front to delta-plain ...
27 Jan 2021 · The upper Paleocene to lower Eocene Margaret Formation exposed at Stenkul Fiord on southern Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada, represents a nearly continuous terrestrial succession of...
Examples of the fossil leaf morphotypes from the Margaret Formation, Stenkul Fiord, Ellesmere island. From West et al. (2015). The project was initially based on the extensive collections of Jim Basinger and his associates (including Greenwood) housed at the University of Saskatchewan.
The upper Paleocene to lower Eocene Margaret Formation exposed at Stenkul Fiord on southern Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada, represents a nearly continuous terrestrial succession of microfossil-rich clastic sediments and coal.
09 Jan 2015 · We describe early Eocene (Wasatchian) occurrences of the isectolophid Homogalax, tapiroids Heptodon posticus, Heptodon cf. H. posticus, and Heptodon sp., as well as early middle Eocene (Bridgerian) fossils of the brontothere Palaeosyops from localities in the Margaret Formation of the Eureka Sound Group on Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Arctic Canada.
