moorish idol

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      The Moorish idol (Zanclus cornutus) is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Zanclidae. It is the only member of the monospecific genus Zanclus and the only extant species within the Zanclidae. This species is found on reefs in the Indo-Pacific region.


      Taxonomy


      The Moorish idol was first formally described as Chaetodon cornutus in 1758 by Carl Linnaeus in the 10th edition of the Systema Naturae with "Indian Seas" given as its type locality. In 1831 Georges Cuvier classified it in the new monospecific genus Zanclus. In 1876 Pieter Bleeker proposed the monotypic family Zanclidae. The Zanclidae is classified within the suborder Acanthuroidei of the order Acanthuriformes. Some authors classify the Moorish idols in the surgeonfish family Acanthuridae but the absence of spines on the caudal peduncle is a clear difference between this species and the surgeonfishes.
      Eozanclus brevirostris is an extinct species in the Zanclidae family that was first described by Giovanni Serafino Volta in 1796. The species later received separate taxonomic status within the Zanclidae family through the description of Blot and Voruz in 1970 and 1975. Angiolinia mirabilis is another extinct Zanclid that was described by Giorgio Carnevale and James C. Tyler in 2024 based on three specimens found in Bolca, Italy. Carnevale & Tyler found that Zanclus cornutus and Angiolinia mirabilis form a derived clade distinguishable from Eozanclus brevirostris by one supernumerary spine on the first dorsal-fin pterygiophore, one uroneural in the caudal skeleton, and distally filamentous dorsal-fin spines (except the first two fins).


      Etymology


      The Moorish idol's unusual name was apparently given to it because, in some areas of southeast Asia, fishermen have respect for these fishes, releasing them when caught and honouring them with a bow after their release. In this case, "Moor" is erroneously used as it usually refers to Amazigh people from Morocco where this fish does not occur in the wild, although this term may be related to the practice of referring to muslims in Sri Lanka and India as "Moors" during the colonial period. The genus name Zanclus is derived from the Ancient Greek word zanklon, meaning "sickle", and is an allusion to the long curved dorsal fin. The specific name, cornutus, means "horned", and refers to the small bony protuberances over the eyes.


      Description



      The Moorish idol's body is highly laterally compressed and disc-like in shape with a tube-like snout and small bony protuberances above the eyes in adults. The mouth is small and has many long, bristle like teeth. There are no spines or serrations on the preoperculum or caudal peduncle. The dorsal fin is supported by 6 or 7 spines, which are elongated into a long filament which resembles a whip, and between 39 and 45 soft rays. The anal fin contains 3 spines and between 31 and 37 soft rays. The maximum published total length is 23 cm (9.1 in), although 21 cm (8.3 in) is more typical. They have a white background color, with two wide black vertical bands on the body with a yellow patch on the posterior end of the body and a yellow saddle on the snout. The caudal fin is black with a white margin.


      Distribution and habitat


      The Moorish idol has a wide range in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. They are found from the eastern coast of Africa between Somalia and South Africa east to Hawaii and Easter Island. They are also found in the eastern Pacific from the southern Gulf of California to Peru, including many islands such as the Galapagos and Cocos Island. The Moorish idol lives between depths of 1–180 metres (3 ft 3 in – 590 ft 7 in) in turbid lagoons, reef flats, and clear rocky- and coral reefs. As with many reef fishes, habitat has been found to be an important and influential factor in the abundance of Moorish idols.


      Biology


      Moorish idols are omnivores, mostly feeding on sponges, with a study on gut content finding sponges make up about 70% of the total weight consumed by Moorish idols. They also feed upon algae, coral polyps, tunicates and other benthic invertebrates. They are normally found in small groups of 2 or 3 individuals but they can also be solitary or gather in large schools.


      = Reproduction

      =
      These fish are pelagic spawners. The males and females release sperm and eggs into the water, and the eggs drift away on the current following fertilization. Like their closely related family, the Acanthuridae, the Moorish idol has larvae that are specialized for a long pelagic life stage, and this is why they are so widespread and geographically uniform. In acanthuridae, the pelagic, pre-juvenile stage larvae can reach lengths of 60 mm before settling in their habitat. The Moorish idol’s various larval stages have been described and illustrated. The preflexion larval stage refers to the stage from hatchling to the start of upward flexion of the notochord. The preflexion larval stage of the Moorish idol has no fin spines, soft rays, or internal support structures for the fins. However, in a 3.2 mm specimen there is the start of the dorsal and anal fins. The larger preflexion specimens have mostly cartilaginous supraoccipital crests with 23 to 26 curved dorsal spines. Also, pigmentation increases with size in the preflexion larvae. The postflexion larval stage refers to the stage that includes the formation of the caudal fin and fin rays. This is the stage right before juvenile and settlement into their habitat. In the postflexion stage, the Moorish idol larvae have fully developed fins, their body form is compressed and deep-bodied. The larvae have a small terminal mouth and kite shaped body. They have seven dorsal spines at the start of their dorsal fin that are covered in small spines. Their third dorsal spine is very long (about 1.2x their standard length). They also have one pelvic fin spine and three anal fin spines covered in small spines.


      Conservation Status


      Since their last assessment in 2015, the Moorish idol is listed as a species of least concern by the IUCN. They were found to be widely distributed and locally abundant with no major threats to the species. However, their habitat type, particularly coral reefs, are known to be in decline due to climate change. The species has been found to do well in restored coral reefs and artificial reef structures.


      In the aquarium



      Moorish idols are notoriously difficult to maintain in captivity. They require large tanks, often exceeding 380 L (84 imp gal; 100 US gal), are voracious eaters, and can become destructive.
      Some aquarists prefer to keep substitute species that look very similar to the Moorish idol. These substitutes are all butterflyfishes of the genus Heniochus and include the pennant coralfish, H. acuminatus; threeband pennantfish, H. chrysostomus and the false Moorish idol, H. diphreutes.
      In captivity, Moorish idols typically are very picky eaters. They will either eat no food and perish, or eat everything all at once.


      In popular culture


      In the 2003 Disney/Pixar animated movie Finding Nemo, a Moorish idol fish named Gill, voiced by Willem Dafoe, is one of Nemo's tank mates and the leader of the Tank Gang. Gill was depicted having a very strong desire for freedom outside of the aquarium and was constantly scheming to achieve this, possibly alluding to the difficulty of keeping real-life Moorish idols in captivity. Gill and the other members of the Tank Gang appeared in the 2016 sequel, Finding Dory, in a post credits scene.
      Moorish idols have long been among the most recognizable of coral reef fauna. Their image has graced all types of products, such as: shower curtains, blankets, towels and wallpaper made with an ocean or underwater theme.


      References




      External links


      Photos of Moorish idol on Sealife Collection

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    Keeping The Mysterious Moorish Idol | Reef2Reef

    Oct 19, 2016 · Many of us grew up seeing this majestic fish in photos and documentaries. Whether seen schooling in Hawaii or casted as "Gill", the wise Moorish Idol from the beloved Disney Pixar film "Finding Nemo", this fish is quite desirable in the hobby. Sadly, The vast majority of these fish do not survive past a few months in the home aquaria.

    Moorish Idol: ideal way to startup tank for them? | Reef2Reef

    Apr 19, 2021 · Hes always hanging with the Copperband, his best friend since QT. He eats anything I put into the tank and is not afraid or skittish of anything. In fact, I recently set up a large fish trap to catch a Tang that has been getting to be more and more of a bully and the Moorish Idol kept swimming into the trap to check it out as I was setting it up.

    Keeping The Mysterious Moorish Idol | Reef2Reef

    Oct 19, 2016 · The idol will also obviously need to be treated using the same regimen. There are many fish in this hobby that may tolerate "ich management" practices whereby you do not quanrantine or treat fish prior to addition. The Moorish Idol is NOT one of these fish.

    Moorish idol tips for success | Reef2Reef

    Aug 1, 2020 · Hello everyone. I have 3 moorish idols In my 450 gal that after 3 days 2 of them have started to eat the frozen food. Does anyone have any advice on feedings and also any long term success. The only posts I have been able to find are close to 5 yrs out of date and hoping the 2-4 year average...

    Hello - Moorish idols in reef tank | Reef2Reef

    Oct 13, 2021 · I currently have a moorish idol in my tank and is eating like a pig also very lucky for it not to pick on any of my corals. Again very "LUCKY" I don't really believe anyone when they say you can't keep a moorish idol or a regal or an emporor angel fish for example in a reef tank. It all comes down to luck they may they may not.

    Moorish idol | Reef2Reef

    Aug 28, 2022 · The secret to moorish idol success (at least for me) was frequent feedings and LOTS of nori. These fish have high metabolic rates and in the wild graze almost constantly on algae and benthic inverts such as tunicates, sponges and anything else they can …

    Moorish idol - size advice needed | Reef2Reef

    Jan 19, 2022 · I've decided to try my luck with a moorish idol. I have a 240 gallon tank with a lot of sponge growing in it. I'm thinking I could turn that into a positive by getting an idol to help control the sponge growth, and in turn it would get a proper diet and prevent the "death from constipation" that plagues this species in our tanks.

    Moorish idols, amzing fish that can turn your reef tank into a fish ...

    Feb 3, 2021 · There is a lot of info on Moorish idols, and many report on keeping them in a reef tank. I got two, and after acclimating them, they devoured every type of food. I fed them a lot causing a doubling of my nitrate. As they got fully adapted, they went for my corals, elegance, scolimia, acan's...

    An opinion and experience of keeping Moorish idols

    Dec 16, 2021 · Moorish idol or the spined moorish (Zanclus cornutus), is a species of rayed fin fish that belongs to the order Acanthuriformes, rabbitfishes, tangs and a few other families belong to this order, family Zanclidae aka moorish idols, and the species itself.

    Moorish Idol | Reef2Reef

    Aug 31, 2021 · Don't buy it. Moorish Idols are one of the fish that should only be kept by public aquariums and research institutuons. Over the decades I've been reefing I've known many individuals say they've been successful getting their Moorish Idol to eat. But I still haven't known of anyone keeping them much longer than a year or two.