7.707
6.125
6.458
6.636
6.359
6.309
5.834
5.97
5.4
7.5
5.97
6.416
7.492
6
6.2
Artikel: Mutant GudangMovies21 Rebahinxxi
- Source: Mutant
In biology, and especially in genetics, a mutant is an organism or a new genetic character arising or resulting from an instance of mutation, which is generally an alteration of the DNA sequence of the genome or chromosome of an organism. It is a characteristic that would not be observed naturally in a specimen. The term mutant is also applied to a virus with an alteration in its nucleotide sequence whose genome is in the nuclear genome. The natural occurrence of genetic mutations is integral to the process of evolution. The study of mutants is an integral part of biology; by understanding the effect that a mutation in a gene has, it is possible to establish the normal function of that gene.
Mutants arise by mutation
Mutants arise by mutations occurring in pre-existing genomes as a result of errors of DNA replication or errors of DNA repair. Errors of replication often involve translesion synthesis by a DNA polymerase when it encounters and bypasses a damaged base in the template strand. A DNA damage is an abnormal chemical structure in DNA, such as a strand break or an oxidized base, whereas a mutation, by contrast, is a change in the sequence of standard base pairs. Errors of repair occur when repair processes inaccurately replace a damaged DNA sequence. The DNA repair process microhomology-mediated end joining is particularly error-prone.
Etymology
Although not all mutations have a noticeable phenotypic effect, the common usage of the word "mutant" is generally a pejorative term, only used for genetically or phenotypically noticeable mutations. Previously, people used the word "sport" (related to spurt) to refer to abnormal specimens. The scientific usage is broader, referring to any organism differing from the wild type. The word finds its origin in the Latin term mūtant- (stem of mūtāns), which means "to change".
Mutants should not be confused with organisms born with developmental abnormalities, which are caused by errors during morphogenesis. In a developmental abnormality, the DNA of the organism is unchanged and the abnormality cannot be passed on to progeny. Conjoined twins are the result of developmental abnormalities.
Chemicals that cause developmental abnormalities are called teratogens; these may also cause mutations, but their effect on development is not related to mutations. Chemicals that induce mutations are called mutagens. Most mutagens are also considered to be carcinogens.
Epigenetic alterations
Mutations are distinctly different from epigenetic alterations, although they share some common features. Both arise as a chromosomal alteration that can be replicated and passed on to subsequent cell generations. Both, when occurring within a gene, may silence expression of the gene. Whereas mutant cell lineages arise as a change in the sequence of standard bases, epigenetically altered cell lineages retain the sequence of standard bases but have gene sequences with changed levels of expression that can be passed down to subsequent cell generations. Epigenetic alterations include methylation of CpG islands of a gene promoter as well as specific chromatin histone modifications. Faulty repair of chromosomes at sites of DNA damage can give rise both to mutant cell lineages and/or epigenetically altered cell lineages.
See also
Evolution
Genetic engineering
Genetically modified organism
Mutants in fiction
Mutationism
Synthetic lethality
Synthetic viability
References
External links
Antennapedia mutant
Kata Kunci Pencarian:
mutantmutant artinyamutant tretan muslimmutant fighting cup 2 mod apkmutant 100mutant massmutan adalahmutant genetic gladiatormutantsmutant the forestSearch ResultsArtikel Terkait "mutant"
07 Jan 2021 · With my weapons and heavy reliance on the souls the Mutant mod adds, I can fly through the first phase of the fight fairly easily, but the second phase is there things start going …
about it: The Perceptor Mutant is a large stationary Mutant capable of spreading its presence in a given area. This unsightly behemoth will stare down its closest victims and toss its own eyes at …
17 Okt 2023 · Since it's only 13 episodes, 7 days is generally plenty of time to watch season 2. Paramount Plus also has pretty much every other TMNT media to date, including everything of …
08 Okt 2022 · If she is sick, exhausted or crazy, there is a more likely chance that it will happen. But you can get it by using nothing at the green liquid dripping from the pipe, if you do not get …
The subreddit for all things related to Modded Minecraft for Minecraft Java Edition --- This subreddit was originally created for discussion around the FTB launcher and its modpacks but …
A Mutant is an organism or a new genetic character arising or resulting from an instance of mutation In the Marvel World: A Mutant is a person with the X-Gene A Mutate is a person who …
mutant menagerie is a definitely awsome yet also somewhat extensive mod as is the deadly fallout expansion, it adds in a great deal of enemies and creatures that just make the whole …
06 Mei 2023 · However, a mutant can never get implants without a body swap, and starts with less stats. That said, true kin versions of things are often really good. The true kin teleport is …
20 Feb 2023 · Arguably the most dangerous mutant in the zone, they are silent unless attacking, very fast, and deal extreme damage. They will one shot you unless you have high armor, and …
23 Jul 2023 · The background motives -to his purges- are probably messed up. He may have wanted to get rid of every mutant above what he considers to be humanity and every other …
