- Partikel Oh-My-God
- Oh-My-God particle
- Amaterasu particle
- Oh My God
- The God Particle
- Greisen–Zatsepin–Kuzmin limit
- Relativistic particle
- Cosmic ray astronomy
- High Resolution Fly's Eye Cosmic Ray Detector
- Wow! signal
- List of hypothetical particles
- The Oh-My-God Particle: Exploring the Higgs Boson - Physics …
- Can the Oh-My-God particle kill an astronaut? - Physics Forums
- Find the "Oh-My-God Particle" - 1516 x Speed of Light Explained
- What Sense Does High Velocity Travel Make? - Oh-My-God Particle
- Help me find my error in a relativistic kinetic energy calculation
- LHC vs Cosmic Rays: What's the Difference? - Physics Forums
- How Did the God Particle Explode to Create Our Universe?
- Photons - most energetic ever detected - Physics Forums
- Neutron Star to Black Hole Via OMG? - Physics Forums
- Cosmic Rays: How Fast Do They Travel? - Physics Forums
Irati (2023)
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The Oh-My-God particle was an ultra-high-energy cosmic ray detected on 15 October 1991 by the Fly's Eye camera in Dugway Proving Ground, Utah, United States. As of 2023, it is the highest-energy cosmic ray ever observed. Its energy was estimated as (3.2±0.9)×1020 eV (320 exa-eV). The particle's energy was unexpected and called into question prevailing theories about the origin and propagation of cosmic rays.
Speed
It is not known what kind of particle it was, but most cosmic rays are protons. If
m
p
{\displaystyle m_{\mathrm {p} }}
is the rest mass of the particle and
E
K
{\displaystyle E_{\mathrm {K} }}
is its kinetic energy (energy above the rest mass energy), then its speed was
1
−
[
m
p
c
2
/
(
E
K
+
m
p
c
2
)
]
2
{\textstyle {\sqrt {1-[m_{\mathrm {p} }c^{2}/(E_{\mathrm {K} }+m_{\mathrm {p} }c^{2})]^{2}}}}
times the speed of light. Assuming it was a proton, for which
m
p
c
2
{\displaystyle m_{\mathrm {p} }c^{2}}
is 938 MeV, this means it was traveling at 0.9999999999999999999999951 times the speed of light, its Lorentz factor was 3.2×1011 and its rapidity was 27.1. Due to special relativity, the relativistic time dilation experienced by a proton traveling at this speed would be extreme. If the proton originated from a distance of 1.5 billion light years, it would take approximately 1.71 days in the reference frame of the proton to travel that distance.
Collision energy
The energy of the particle was some 40 million times that of the highest-energy protons that have been produced in any terrestrial particle accelerator. However, only a small fraction of this energy was available for its interaction with a nucleus in the Earth's atmosphere, with most of the energy remaining in the form of kinetic energy of the center of mass of the products of the interaction. If
m
t
{\displaystyle m_{\mathrm {t} }}
is the mass of the "target" nucleus, the energy available for such a collision is
2
E
K
m
t
c
2
+
(
m
p
+
m
t
)
2
c
4
−
(
m
p
+
m
t
)
c
2
{\displaystyle {\sqrt {2E_{\mathrm {K} }m_{\mathrm {t} }c^{2}+(m_{\mathrm {p} }+m_{\mathrm {t} })^{2}c^{4}}}-(m_{\mathrm {p} }+m_{\mathrm {t} })c^{2}}
which for large
E
K
{\displaystyle E_{\mathrm {K} }}
is approximately
2
E
K
m
t
c
2
.
{\displaystyle {\sqrt {2E_{\mathrm {K} }m_{\mathrm {t} }c^{2}}}.}
For the Oh-My-God particle hitting a nitrogen nucleus, this gives 2900 TeV, which is roughly 200 times higher than the highest collision energy of the Large Hadron Collider, in which two high-energy particles going opposite directions collide. As with other cosmic rays, the collision would generate a cascade of relativistic particles as the particles interacted with other nuclei. In the center-of-mass frame of reference (moving at almost the speed of light), the products of the collision, also moving apart at near light speed, would therefore have carried around 2900 TeV of total energy.
Comparisons
The Oh-My-God particle's energy was estimated as (3.2±0.9)×1020 eV, or 51±14 J. Although this amount is phenomenally large for a single elementary particle – far outstripping the highest energy that human technology can generate in a particle – it is still far below the level of the Planck scale, where exotic physics is expected. Though a subatomic particle, its energy was comparable to the gravitational potential energy of a 1 kilogram object that could fall 5 meters off a two-story building.
The Oh-My-God particle had 1020 (100 quintillion) times the photon energy of visible light, equivalent to a 140-gram (5 oz) baseball travelling at about 28 m/s (100 km/h; 63 mph). Its energy was 20 million times greater than the highest photon energy measured in electromagnetic radiation emitted by an extragalactic object, the blazar Markarian 501.
= High energy, but far below the Planck scale
=While the particle's energy was higher than anything achieved in terrestrial accelerators, it was still about 40 million times lower than the Planck energy (1.2208901×1028 eV). Particles of that energy would be required in order to expose effects on the Planck scale. A proton with that much energy would travel 1.665×1015 times closer to the speed of light than the Oh-My-God particle did. As viewed from Earth and observed in Earth's reference frame, it would take about 3.579×1020 years (2.59×1010 times the current age of the universe) for a photon to overtake a Planck energy proton with a 1 cm lead.
Later similar events
Since the first observation, hundreds of similar events (energy 5.7×1019 eV or greater) have been recorded, confirming the phenomenon. These ultra-high-energy cosmic ray particles are very rare; the energy of most cosmic ray particles is between 107 eV and 1010 eV.
More recent studies using the Telescope Array Project have suggested a source of the particles within a 20 degree radius "warm spot" in the direction of the constellation Ursa Major.
The Amaterasu particle, named after the sun goddess in Japanese mythology, was detected in 2021 and later identified in 2023, using the Telescope Array observatory in Utah, United States. It had an energy exceeding 240 exa-electron volts (2.4×1020 eV). This particle appears to have emerged from the Local Void, an empty area of space bordering the Milky Way galaxy. It contained an amount of energy comparable to dropping a brick from the height of the waist. No promising astronomical object matching the direction from which the cosmic ray arrived has been identified.
See also
Greisen–Zatsepin–Kuzmin limit – Theoretical upper limit on the energy of cosmic ray protons
HZE ion – High-energy, heavy ions of cosmic origin
Solar energetic particles – High-energy particles from the Sun
Amaterasu particle (2021) – 240 Eev
References
Kata Kunci Pencarian:
The Oh My God particle | IOPSpark
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The Oh My God Particle - Edge Of Space
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oh my god particle
Daftar Isi
The Oh-My-God Particle: Exploring the Higgs Boson - Physics …
Jul 13, 2004 · The Oh-My-God Particle, also known as the ultra-high-energy cosmic ray, is an extremely high-energy particle that was discovered in 1991 by scientists at the University of Utah. It is believed to be the most energetic particle ever detected in the universe.
Can the Oh-My-God particle kill an astronaut? - Physics Forums
Aug 13, 2010 · The Oh-My-God cosmic ray particle is a single ultra-relativistic proton (?) carrying 50 joules of energy. Is it sufficiently energetic to kill an astronaut in the unlikely event of hitting the person? More precisely, I'm asking: i) Does most of the energy get absorbed by the human body, or penetrate the body without doing harm?
Find the "Oh-My-God Particle" - 1516 x Speed of Light Explained
Jun 4, 2011 · The "Oh-My-God Particle" is the nickname given to a high-energy cosmic ray particle that was detected by the University of Utah's Fly's Eye Detector in 1991. It was significant because it had an energy of 3.2 x 10^20 electron volts, which is about 40 million times more energetic than the particles produced by the Large Hadron Collider.
What Sense Does High Velocity Travel Make? - Oh-My-God Particle
Oct 13, 2006 · At a velocity of 1516 c, traveling to the centre of the galaxy would take, as perceived by the life forms on board, a little more than 21 years. By contrast, an observer on board the Oh-My-God particle would arrive at the nucleus of the Milky Way, according to his clock, just about 3 seconds after leaving Starbase Terra.
Help me find my error in a relativistic kinetic energy calculation
Feb 6, 2018 · Hi everyone. Given: an asteroid with the mass of 50,000,000 kg, which is moving with the velocity of oh-my-god particle -- 99.99999999999999999999951% of c. Due to relativistic effects, its total kinetic energy will be 1.44 E+36 Joules (Lorentz factor …
LHC vs Cosmic Rays: What's the Difference? - Physics Forums
Sep 14, 2009 · Short question. I know that COLLIDING beams are much more effective than when moving particle hits a target in observers reference frame. That is why they make a collider. However, when Oh My God particles are observed they actually hit something that something does not move. So, when...
How Did the God Particle Explode to Create Our Universe?
Mar 23, 2016 · This has been fascinating me for a while.I read in a book that the god particle suddenly exploded due to huge pressure and gravity and this led to the formation of protons,neutrons and others.So everything that we see now has just come from a tiny particle.The thing is I don:t understand how the particle could explode.It was very tiny so the ...
Photons - most energetic ever detected - Physics Forums
Dec 21, 2008 · This is same order of magnitude as the energy of the 300 EeV Oh-My-God particle detected on October 15, 1991, over Dugway Proving Grounds, Utah - and 15 similar events detected since. So, considering that the text of the paper paper is focused on photons with energies above 10, 20 and 40 EeV, I think they obviously detected photons much more ...
Neutron Star to Black Hole Via OMG? - Physics Forums
Jun 12, 2011 · Search titles only By: Search Advanced search…
Cosmic Rays: How Fast Do They Travel? - Physics Forums
Dec 20, 2016 · The reason why I posed the question in the first place was in response to reading about the so-called 'Oh-My-God' particle. The stats about that left me wondering what the characteristics might be for the more common-or-garden variety of cosmic particles, not high-flyers like OMGP.