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- Racial stacking - Wikipedia
- Racial Stacking in Sports - The Exploration of Race and Sports
- Against Racial Stacking: The Evolution of the Black Quarterback …
- Racist Stacking in Professional Soccer in Germany
- Sports are not Colorblind: The Role of Race and Segregation …
- Race and Social Class in College Football Positions: Why Black ...
- Racial Stacking Among Special Teams Units in American
- Pipelines on the Gridiron: Player Backgrounds, Opportunity …
- PLAYING POSITION IN FOOTBALL: ACCIDENT OR DESIGN?
- Racial Stacking in Football: Where are all the African American ...
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Racial stacking (also known as positional segregation, positional stacking, or simply stacking) is a sociological term and sports concept regarding how athletes may be placed, or "stacked", into a certain position based on racial or ethnic stereotypes.
Often, white players are found to over-represented in positions termed as "central" or "thinking", or those considered as based on leadership. Meanwhile, racial minorities are found to be over-represented in "peripheral" or "skill" positions that rely more on speed, size, and athletic ability.
History and examples
Stacking has been written about as being an issue in college sports. Brigham Young University (BYU) sociology students and football players Keenan Ellis and Lorenzo Fauatea found in their research that even at Historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs), "white players were recruited to key positions and received more playing time than Black players."
The concept of racial stacking in American football is commonly written and researched about. In 1975, research by D. Stanley Eitzen and David C. Sanford was published discussing stacking in the sport. Their research found that the positional segregation resulted in "discriminatory consequences," as the "positions overmanned by blacks" were considered "less glamorous" and because of their dependence on speed and quickness, players in these positions were more susceptible to "age and injury". Prone to shortened careers because of these factors, Black players would earn less lifetime earnings from the sport, as well as less benefits from pension funds dependent on a player's longevity. Black players would be placed in positions not considered as "thinking" or "leadership" positions. Examples of racial stacking in the sport include Black National Football League (NFL) players not being given many opportunities to play the quarterback, middle linebacker, or center positions which were often seen as "too cerebral". Indeed, many players and coaches often noted these positions as such. Bear Bryant, for example, stated that "a smart, capable quarterback is the single greatest asset a football team can possess." Nick Buoniconti stated a linebacker must be "smart" and a "leader". In contrast, a "noncentral" position such as running back would often have traits like speed, agility, and instinct emphasized in books by coaches and players. Often, in the 1960s and 1970s, Black quarterbacks would transition to the wide receiver position when advancing a level, such as from high school to college or collegiate to professional. Writing for Scientific American in 2023, Tracie Canada wrote that "these demographic discrepancies place Black athletes at a higher risk during play."
Stacking is also present in baseball, where Hispanic players are often typecast as shortstops and second basemen. A research study by Tina Nobis and Felicia Lazaridou published in 2022 also found racial stacking present in German soccer. Based on the 2020–21 Bundesliga season, their research found that "white players are more likely to play positions associated with leadership, oversight, responsibility, intelligence, and organization, whereas Black players are more likely to play positions associated with aggressiveness, speed, and instinct."
The stacking concept is also present outside of playing positions, with the issue being considered by Ellis and Fauatea as even more intense in coaching circles. Eitzen and Sanford found that since Black players were not considered for "thinking" or "leadership" positions, their time at a "non-leadership position is, therefore, assumed to be inadequate training for a career in coaching," considering this at least one factor for lower representation of Black individuals in coaching positions.
See also
Racial issues faced by black quarterbacks
Stereotypes of African Americans
References
Sources
Eitzen, D. Stanley; Sanford, David C. (March 1975). "The Segregation of Blacks by Playing Position in Football: Accident or Design?". Social Science Quarterly. 55 (4): 948–959. JSTOR 42859423. Retrieved May 7, 2023.
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Daftar Isi
Racial stacking - Wikipedia
Racial stacking (also known as positional segregation, positional stacking, or simply stacking) is a sociological term and sports concept regarding how athletes may be placed, or "stacked", into a certain position based on racial or ethnic stereotypes.
Racial Stacking in Sports - The Exploration of Race and Sports
Dec 12, 2011 · Stacking can be defined as placing athletes in certain positions based on racial stereotypes. For example, whites are commonly thought of as smarter and more intelligent than African-Americans, and thus pushed to play positions like quarterback and center in football, and pitcher and catcher in baseball.
Against Racial Stacking: The Evolution of the Black Quarterback …
Oct 1, 2024 · From Fritz Pollard to Cam Newton, Black quarterbacks have been the target of “racial stacking,” where Black athletes are attributed with qualities like raw athleticism and naturally gifted, contrasted to white athletes, who are perceived as intelligent and hard-working.
Racist Stacking in Professional Soccer in Germany
Mar 1, 2022 · In this article, we propose that racist stacking is a type of institutional racism characterized by racist ascriptions incorporated in the daily routines of sport institutions. We explored whether racist stacking happens in soccer in Germany based on these assumptions.
Sports are not Colorblind: The Role of Race and Segregation …
trends of racial segregation by position in the National Football League (NFL) by measuring stacking among a central (quarterback) and a non-central (cornerback) position. We examined the NFL’s team rosters from 1990 to 2016, identifying each player’s race by publicly available photos. Our study has three hypotheses.
Race and Social Class in College Football Positions: Why Black ...
Oct 9, 2019 · Results showed that positional stacking is still prominent in college football. On team rosters, white players are disproportionately quarterbacks, offensive linemen, and kickers/punters. Black players are disproportionately running backs, defensive linemen, wide receivers, and defensive backs.
Racial Stacking Among Special Teams Units in American
Jun 19, 2021 · Findings from this study confirm the persistent presence of spatial centrality and racial stacking within Special Teams units of American college football, reproducing racial discrimination within college sports and American higher education today.
Pipelines on the Gridiron: Player Backgrounds, Opportunity …
Stacking—the tendency of playing positions to be racially segregated in sports—remains prominent in gridiron football. This raises questions of how stacking persists and how opportunities arise for athletes of different races to assume different roles.
PLAYING POSITION IN FOOTBALL: ACCIDENT OR DESIGN?
Another alleged area of discrimination is racial segregation by playing position. The intent of this paper is threefold: (1) to demonstrate that there is racial stacking by position in professional football; (2) to discuss why football positions tend to be segregated by race; and (3) to test whether this phenomenon is the result of discrimination.
Racial Stacking in Football: Where are all the African American ...
May 18, 2009 · Although there are many examples of racial stacking in many different sports, the quarterback position is one of the best examples. In 2003, the ratio of white quarterbacks to black quarterbacks was 80% to 20%, and 90% of all starting wide receivers, cornerbacks, and tailbacks are African American.