tardigrades in space

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      The use of tardigrades in space, first proposed in 1964 because of their extreme tolerance to radiation, began in 2007 with the FOTON-M3 mission in low Earth orbit, where they were exposed to space's vacuum for 10 days, and reanimated, just by rehydration, back on Earth. In 2011, tardigrades were on board the International Space Station on STS-134. In 2019, a capsule containing tardigrades was on board the Israeli lunar lander Beresheet which crashed on the Moon.


      Tardigrades



      Tardigrades are small arthropods able to tolerate extreme environments. Many live in tufts of moss, such as on rooftops, where they get repeatedly dried out and rewetted. Others live in the Arctic or atop mountains, where they are exposed to cold. When dried, they go into a cryptobiotic 'tun' state in which metabolism is suspended. They have been described as the toughest animals on Earth. Their DNA is protected from damage, such as by radiation, by Dsup proteins.


      Proposals


      In 1964, R.M. May and colleagues proposed that the tardigrade Macrobiotus areolatus would be a suitable model organism for space experiments because of its exceptional radiation tolerance.
      In 2001, R. Bertolani and colleagues proposed tardigrades as a model for a study of animal survival in space. As terrestrial experiments on tardigrades proceeded, knowledge of their survival abilities grew, enabling K.I. Jönsson in 2007, and then other researchers such as Daiki Horikawa in 2008 and Roberto Guidetti in 2012, to present evidence that they would resist desiccation, radiation, heat, and cold, suiting them for astrobiological studies.
      In 2008, F. Ono and colleagues suggested that tardigrades might be able to survive a journey through space on a meteorite, enabling panspermia, the transfer of life from one planet to another.


      Missions




      = BIOPAN on FOTON-M3, 2007

      =

      Tardigrades have survived exposure to space. In 2007, dehydrated tardigrades were taken into low Earth orbit on the FOTON-M3 mission carrying the BIOPAN astrobiology payload. For 10 days, in the "Tardigrade Resistance to Space Effects" (TARSE) experiment, groups of Paramacrobiotus richtersi tardigrades, some of them previously dehydrated, some of them not, were exposed to the hard vacuum of space, or vacuum and solar ultraviolet radiation. Back on Earth, more than 68% of the subjects protected from solar ultraviolet radiation were reanimated within 30 minutes following rehydration; although subsequent mortality was high, many produced viable embryos.
      In contrast, in the "Tardigrades in Space" (TARDIS) experiment, hydrated samples exposed to the combined effect of vacuum and full solar ultraviolet radiation had significantly reduced survival, with only three subjects of Milnesium tardigradum surviving. The space vacuum did not much affect egg-laying in either Richtersius coronifer or M. tardigradum, whereas UV radiation did reduce egg-laying in M. tardigradum.
      The third FOTON-M3 experiment, "Rotifers, Tardigrades and Radiation" (RoTaRad) focused mainly on radiation survival.


      = LIFE prototype on STS-134, 2011

      =
      In 2011, Angela Maria Rizzo and colleagues sent tardigrades on board the International Space Station Endeavour along with extremophiles on STS-134, in the "Tardigrades in Space" (TARDIKISS) experiment. They concluded that microgravity and cosmic radiation "did not significantly affect survival of tardigrades in flight" and that tardigrades were useful in space research, with implications for astrobiology, where they should be suitable model organisms.

      The mission was a prototype for the "Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment" (LIFE) which was to have travelled to the Martian moon Phobos on the Russian Fobos-Grunt spacecraft. The spacecraft however failed to leave Earth orbit and was destroyed.


      = Lunar lander Beresheet, 2019

      =

      In 2019, a capsule containing tardigrades in a cryptobiotic state was on board the Israeli lunar lander Beresheet which crashed on the Moon. They were described as unlikely to have survived the impact because the shock pressure of the crash would have been well above the 1.14 GPa that they have been measured as surviving. Despite tardigrades' ability to survive in space, they would still need food, lacking on the moon, to be able to grow and reproduce. The possibility that tardigrades survived the crash attracted concern about contamination of the Moon with biological material. However, even supposing they had survived the crash, they are unlikely to become rehydrated because of the lack of liquid water on the Moon.
      Spilling tardigrades across the Moon is legal. The Outer Space Treaty only explicitly bans weapons and experiments or tools that could interfere with other missions. Large space agencies typically follow guidelines for sterilizing mission equipment, but there is no single entity to enforce these rules globally.


      References

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    Tardigrades in space - Wikipedia

    The tardigrade Milnesium tardigradum demonstrated its ability to survive the vacuum and ultraviolet radiation of space in the TARDIS experiment on the 2007 FOTON-M3 mission.. The use of tardigrades in space, first proposed in 1964 because of their extreme tolerance to radiation, began in 2007 with the FOTON-M3 mission in low Earth orbit, where they were exposed to …

    Why NASA sent tiny water bears into space - EarthSky

    Jun 10, 2021 · A new experiment aboard the International Space Station is studying tardigrades, tiny creatures also known as water bears because of the way they look under a microscope. Tardigrades can tolerate...

    Teeny tardigrades can survive space and lethal radiation.

    Nov 7, 2024 · A new species of tardigrades with thousands of genes that become more active when exposed to radiation could help in devising better protection for astronauts on long missions.

    Water Bears in Space - NASA

    May 29, 2021 · Thomas Boothby, assistant professor for the Department of Molecular Biology at the University of Wyoming, teaches us about tardigrades, more commonly known as water bears, that are headed up to the International Space Station for a scientific study to learn how these extremophiles adapt to microgravity.

    What makes tardigrades so tough? | Science News

    Jul 13, 2022 · Emulating tardigrades could one day help humans colonize outer space. Food crops, yeast and insects could be engineered to produce tardigrade proteins, allowing these organisms to grow more...

    Microscopic Superheroes to Help Protect Astronaut Health in Space

    Jun 3, 2021 · The research team will look at what happens with tardigrade genes in space. Knowing which ones are turned on or off in response to short-term and long-term spaceflight will help researchers identify specific ways tardigrades use to survive in this stressful environment.

    How do tardigrades survive in space? - Chemical & Engineering …

    Oct 19, 2019 · Cute microscopic animals called tardigrades are found almost anywhere there is fresh water. They can also survive extreme conditions—even exposure to the cold vacuum of outer space—and their DNA can withstand a battering by X-ray radiation. Until now, researchers weren’t sure how they did it.

    Tardigrades in Space Research - Past and Future | Discover Life

    Oct 20, 2016 · Ever since it was proven that tardigrades have high resistance to the different kinds of stress factors associated with cosmic journeys, combined with their relatively complex structure and their relative ease of observation, they have become a perfect model organism for …

    Indestructible tardigrades will reveal how to survive in extremes of ...

    Jun 25, 2021 · Tardigrades inhabit almost every ecosystem on Earth, including the most extreme habitats such as the deep sea, volcanoes and the Arctic. The new experiment will put their adaptation abilities to...

    Space Missions for Tardigrades - Ask A Biologist

    Feb 18, 2019 · Scientists saw that tardigrades could survive space, but only if they were protected from the sun. However, tardigrades could not live in space. Tardigrades need water to live, grow, and make new tardigrades.