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Wallace fountains are public drinking fountains named after, financed by and roughly designed by Sir Richard Wallace and sculpted by Charles-Auguste Lebourg. They are large cast-iron sculptures scattered throughout the city of Paris, France, mainly along the most-frequented sidewalks. A great aesthetic success, they are recognized worldwide as one of the symbols of Paris. A Wallace fountain can be seen outside the Wallace Collection in London, the gallery that houses the works of art collected by Sir Richard Wallace and the first four Marquesses of Hertford.
Background
Sir Richard Wallace
Sir Richard Wallace (1818–1890) was an eclectic and reserved philanthropist. Having inherited a large fortune from his father in August 1870, he decided that all Parisians should profit from it, which made him popular. Wallace's devotion led him to remain in his Parisian villa even as the city was besieged, rather than take refuge on one of his palatial estates, so as to be in Paris when he was needed.
He founded a hospital, where he personally welcomed victims of the bombings and distributed supplies, among his other efforts on behalf of Parisians at war. He remained faithful to his adopted nation, France, and is buried at Père Lachaise Cemetery.
Of his numerous contributions to Parisian heritage, the best known today are the fountains which bear his name.
Purpose
As a result of the siege of Paris and the Commune episode, many aqueducts had been destroyed, and the price of water, already higher than normal, increased considerably. Because of this, most of the poor had to pay for water. Moreover, most of the water provided by vendors was drawn from the Seine river and was likely to be dirty, as run-off from streets and many of sewers drained into it. Hence it was safer to drink beer or other alcoholic beverages, and almost as cheap as water. The temptation to take to liquor was strong among the lower classes, and it was considered a moral duty to keep them from falling into alcoholism. Even today, when water and hygiene are not a problem for the majority of Parisians, these fountains are often the only sources of free water for the homeless.
The poor are not the only beneficiaries of these installations. Even if the aim of the fountains was to allow people of modest means to have access to drinking water, they are not the only ones who use them. Anyone passing by may quench his thirst, fulfilling this vital need. There was already a programme of constructing temperance fountains in both the United States and in the United Kingdom.
Not only did the fountains accomplish Wallace's philosophy of helping the needy, but they also beautified Paris.
Conception
Richard Wallace intended the fountains to be beautiful as well as useful. The fountains had to meet several strict guidelines:
Height: They had to be tall enough to be seen from afar but not so tall as to destroy the harmony of the surrounding landscape.
Form: Both practical to use and pleasing to the eye.
Price: Affordable enough to allow the installation of dozens.
Materials: Resistant to the elements, easy to shape, and simple to maintain.
The locations, as well as the color (a dark green, like all urban development of that era, in order to blend in with the parks and tree-lined avenues), were quickly chosen by the city government.
Wallace created two different models, which were followed by two additional models, thus there were four types of Wallace fountains varying in such properties as height and motif. They were made of cast iron. Inexpensive, easy to mold, and robust, it was one of the most popular materials of the age. The majority of the cost was paid for by Wallace. The city of Paris allocated 1,000 francs for the large model and 450 francs for the wall-mounted model.
The fountains are still molded by the historical foundry G.H.M
Sculptor
Wishing that his project be completed as rapidly as possible, Wallace called on Charles-Auguste Lebourg, a sculptor from Nantes whom he knew and whose talents were already renowned. Lebourg improved Wallace's sketches, already studied and thought-provoking, to make the fountains true works of art.
For the large model, Lebourg created four caryatids representing kindness, simplicity, charity and sobriety. Each one is different from her sisters, by the way she bends her knees and where her tunic is tucked into her blouse.
Different models
The first two models (large model and applied model) were conceived and financed by Sir Richard Wallace. The two other models were created following the success of their predecessors inspired by the same styles and the resemblance is obvious. The more recent designs are not as strongly steeped in Wallace's aesthetic ideals, that in true Renaissance style, they should be useful, beautiful, and symbolic, in addition to being real works of art.
= Large model
=(size: 2.71 m, 610 kg)
The large model was conceived by Sir Richard Wallace, and was inspired by the Fontaine des Innocents. On a foundation of Hauteville stone rests an octagonal pedestal on which four caryatids are affixed with their backs turned and their arms supporting a pointed dome decorated by dolphins.
The water is distributed in a slender trickle issuing from the center of the dome and falls down into a basin that is protected by a grille. To make distribution easier, two tin-plated, iron cups attached to the fountain by a small chain were at the drinker's desire, staying always submerged for cleanliness. These cups were removed in 1952 "for Hygiene reasons" by demand of the Council of Public Hygiene of the old Department of the Seine.
For more information, see the Technical File (in French).
= Wall-mounted model
=(size: 1.96 m, 300 kg)
Sir Richard's other model. In the middle of a semi-circular pediment, the head of a naiad issues a trickle of water that falls into a basin resting between two pilasters. Two goblets allowed the water to be drunk, but they were retired under the 1952 law cited above. This model, costing little to install, was to have been many units along the lengths of the walls of buildings with strong humanitarian focus, e.g. hospitals. This was not the case, and they do not remain today except for one situated on the Rue Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire.
= Small model
=(size: 1.32 m, 130 kg)
These are simple pushbutton fountains that one can find in squares and public gardens and are marked with the Parisian Seal (although the one installed on the Place des Invalides lacks this seal). They are familiar to mothers who bring their children to play in the many small parks in Paris.
Measuring only 4'-3" and weighing 286 lbs., they were commissioned by the mayor of Paris more frequently than its older sister models.
= Colonnade model
=(size: 2.50 m, a little more than 500 kg)
This model was the last to be realized. The general shape resembles that of the Large Model and the caryatids were replaced with small columns to reduce the cost of fabrication. The dome was also less pointy and the lower part more curved.
Although 30 of these were made, today there remain only two, one on the Rue de Rémusat and the other on the Avenue des Ternes.
Placement
The choice of the location of the fountains was left to the city of Paris. They needed to be placed at the will of the public in a practical manner and integrated in the most harmonious fashion with the environment. Most were placed in squares or at the intersections of two roads. The responsibility for choosing such locations fell to Eugene Belgrand, a hydraulic engineer and Director of Water and Sewers of Paris who worked with the prefect Georges-Eugène Haussmann.
Today
Most of the 100 grand model Wallace fountains currently in Paris function and distribute perfectly potable water. Once, these fountains were rare points of free water in the city, much to the relief of the homeless and poor. Today, they are among more than 1,200 points of free, clean drinking water dispensed to citizens and visitors by the city water company, Eau de Paris.
The fountains work from March 15 to November 15 (the risk of freezing during the months of winter would imperil the internal plumbing), are regularly maintained and are repainted every few years.
They are an integral part of the Parisian landscape, of the same importance as the Eiffel Tower or the street urchins of Montmartre.
In Amélie, the cinegraphic piece about the glory of Parisian folklore, Jean-Pierre Jeunet baptised a personality Madeleine Wallace (she cried like a madeleine, or like a Wallace fountain), although the English subtitled version renamed the character of Madeleine, to Madeleine Wells for cultural understanding.
Wallace fountains have been a beloved part of the Paris streetscape for almost 150 years. However, only two Wallace fountains, both located in the Place Louis Lépine, are classified as registered historic monuments.
In 2018, the Society of the Wallace Fountains (La Société des Fontaines Wallace) was registered in France as an international, non-profit association governed by the French law of July 1901. The Society's purpose is education and information. Its mission is to promote, preserve and protect the Wallace fountains for future generation. In addition, the Society recognizes and encourages partnerships for the common good in the spirit of Sir Richard Wallace.
Locations
= Paris (2024)
=Large fountains
Small fountains
1st arrondissement
Jardin du Palais Royal
Square du Vert-Galant
3rd arrondissement
Place de la République (under construction)
Square Saint-Gilles-Grand-Veneur
4th arrondissement
Place Louis Lepine
Quai de la Corse
Square Albert Schweitzer
Place Louis XIII (Place des Vosges)
6th arrondissement
Square Laurent-Prache
7th arrondissement
Place des Invalides
11th arrondissement
32, boulevard Richard Lenoir
74, boulevard Richard Lenoir
12th arrondissement
Av de la Belle Gabrielle at Av de Nogent
Route de la Dame Blanche
Coulée Verte / Rue Charles Bossut
Coulée Verte / Passage Gatbois
Coulée Verte / Rue Traversière
Square Charles Péguy
13th arrondissement
Place Paul Verlaine
Quai d'Austerlitz, Rue de Bellièvre
Jardin Cyprian-Norwid
14th arrondissement
Maison du Fontainier
75 Rue Didot
15th arrondissement
Place Alain Chartier
Place Cambronne
Square Castagnary
19, place du Commerce
35, boulevard Pasteur
Place Saint Charles
Square Pablo Casals
Square de la Porte de la Plaine
16th arrondissement
Square Lamartine
Parc de Bagatelle
Jardin des serres d'Auteuil
18th arrondissement
Square Suzanne Buisson
19th arrondissement
Parc des Buttes-Chaumont-avenue Jacques-de-Linières
53 Quai de la Seine
20th arrondissement
Square de Notre-Dame-de-la-Croix
Colonnaded fountains
16th arrondissement
Rue de Rémusat, at the Rue de Mirabeau
17th arrondissement
Avenue des Ternes, at the Place Pierre Demours
Wall-mounted model
5th arrondissement
Intersection of the fr:Rue Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and the fr:Rue Cuvier
= France outside Paris
=Marseille
Allées Gambetta (1st arrondissement)
Place Bernard Cadenat (3rd arrondissement)
Parc du Palais Longchamp (4th arrondissement)
Place Jean-Jaurès (5th arrondissement)
Rue des Trois-Rois / Rue des Trois-Mages (6th arrondissement)
Place Edmond Rostand (6th arrondissement)
Place du Terrail (7th arrondissement)
Place Louis Goudard (15th arrondissement)
Sucy-en-Brie – 11, rue du Temple, Place du la Metairie 94370
Nantes – The sculptor who created the fountains, Charles Auguste Lebourg, was originally from Nantes. In addition to the Parisian fountains, a few were placed in Nantes in honor of their creator:
Place de la Bourse
Parc de la Gaudinière
Jardin des plantes, near the botanical garden
Jardin des Plantes, Boulevard Stalingrad, bas du jardin, near the entrance to "Gare SNCF"
Cours Cambronne
Bordeaux
On 6 October 1873, another philanthropist, Daniel Osiris, ordered six Large Model Fountains and asked the community of Bordeaux to install them. Three surviving fountains are to be found at:
Place du Général Sarrail
Jardin Public
Gardens of the Hôtel de Ville
More recent fountains are to be found at:
Place Mitchell (Mitchell was an Irishman who founded the city's first glassworks in the Rue de la Verrerie, creating the wine bottles that enabled the city to launch its international wine export trade)
Cours Xavier Arnozan (ex. Pavé des Chartrons)
Place Stalingrad
Place Porto-Riche
Agen – on the Rue Grenouilla at the Boulevard de la République
Clermont-Ferrand – between the Rue du 11 novembre and the Place de Jaude
Puteaux – on the Boulevard Richard Wallace
Saint-Denis, Réunion – inside the Jardin de l'État
Toulon – at the city's municipal halls
Pau – corner of the Boulevard de la Paix and the Avenue de Buros
Besançon – in the Jardin Granvelle
= Europe outside France
=Barcelona – Twelve fountains were donated to Barcelona for the 1888 World Fair. Three remain:
La Rambla avenue, next to the wax museum.
Intersection of Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes with Passeig de Gràcia. One of the 4 caryatids is affectionately nicknamed Vera.
Office premises of the Barcelona water distribution company in the district of Collblanc.
[[Constanta, Romania - The Parc of the Municipality
Ferrol, Galicia – on the Reina Sofia park. Donated by Juan Romero Rodriguez to the city of Ferrol after he purchased it for 1000 reales at the Exposition Universelle of 1889 in Paris.
Geneva – Promenade des Bastions (near The Reformation Wall)
Lisbon – Rossio
Lisburn – Two fountains:
Castle Gardens
Market Square, now relocated to Wallace Park, Lisburn
Moscow – In the court-yard of Alekseevskaya pumping station
Pontremoli, Italy – on the southern corner of Piazza Unità d'Italia
Rotterdam – One, possibly two fountains:
Oud-Charlois, on the corner of Kaatsbaan and Charloisse Kerksingel
'De Vier Gratiën' (The four graces), donated in 1883 by Maarten Mees to the city of Rotterdam. Initially installed in the pre-war Beursplein, it was relocated several times before ultimately disappearing from a contractor's storage in 2002. It remains unknown whether Rotterdam ever really had two fountains, or just the one, making De Vier Gratiën one and the same fountain found in Oud-Charlois.
Zürich – In Pestalozzi Park along the Bahnhofstrasse.
= Africa
=Maputo, Mozambique – in the Jardim Tunduru Botanical Gardens
= North America
=Granby, Quebec – in Isabelle Park, on the corner of the Rue Dufferin and the Boulevard Leclerc. Installed in 1956, the fountain was a gift from France to celebrate Granby's "French Week".
Montreal, Quebec – Île Notre-Dame, Parc des Îles, Jardin de la France, Montreal. This fountain was offered to the City of Montréal by the city of Paris in 1980 during the 1980 International Floralies fair held in Montreal.
Quebec City, Quebec – one at the intersection of the Grande-Allée and the Rue Cartier; another on the Rue Saint-Paul, by the turning to the Ruelle Légaré.
Los Angeles – at the intersection of Westwood Blvd., Kinross Ave., and Broxton Ave., Westwood Village, Los Angeles
New Orleans, Louisiana – in Latrobe Park along Decatur Street, near the French Market.
= South America
=Rio de Janeiro
Praça Dom Romualdo
Parque da Cidade
Alto da Boa Vista
Jardim Botânico
Praça Dom João Esberard
Igreja Nossa Senhora do Desterro
Montevideo, Uruguay
on the corner of Yacare and Perez Castellano, outside the Mercado del Puerto.
in the Plaza Matriz.
in the Plaza Zabala.
in the Plaza Cagancha.
in front of the City Council, on the corner of 18 de Julio and Ejido.
in the Plaza de los Treinta y Tres Orientales, right in front of the Firemen's Palace and next of the Dionisio Díaz statue.
= Asia
=Amman, Jordan – in Paris Square, near the French Institute, in Jabal al-Luweibdeh.
Haifa, Israel – in Paris Square
Jerusalem, Israel – on Ben Yehuda Street
Tbilisi, Georgia
Macau – The Wallace fountain is locally known as 和麗女神噴泉 in Chinese and A Fonte Wallace in Portuguese.
in S. Francisco Garden, installed in 2004.
in the town centre of Taipa, installed in 2005.
See also
List of works by Charles-Auguste Lebourg
Henry D. Cogswell
References
Further reading
Marie-Hélène Levadé and Hugues Marcouyeau, Les fontaines de Paris : l'eau pour le plaisir. Paris, 2008 ISBN 978-2-915345-05-6 (in French)
Daniel Rabreau, Paris et ses fontaines. Paris, 1997 ISBN 978-2-905118-80-6 (in French)
External links
Wallace Fountains of Paris La Société des Fontaines Wallace
Mairie of Paris: the 108 Wallace fountains (in French)
GHM Sommevoire – manufacturer Wallace fountain (in French)
Kata Kunci Pencarian: wallace fountain
wallace fountain
Daftar Isi
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Comprehensive information about the Wallace Fountains of Paris and efforts to protect them. Find all 103 fountains and discover Paris with 21 self-guided walks to download.
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Comprehensive information about the Wallace Fountains of Paris and efforts to protect them. Find all 103 fountains and discover Paris with 21 self-guided walks to download.
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