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      • Sir William Hay Macnaghten, 1st Baronet (24 August 1793 – 23 December 1841), was a British civil servant in India, who played a major part in the First Anglo-Afghan War.


      Life


      William was the second son of Sir Francis Macnaghten, 1st Baronet, judge of the supreme courts of Madras and Calcutta, and was educated at Charterhouse. He went to Madras as a cadet in 1809, but in 1816 joined the Bengal Civil Service. He displayed a talent for languages and published several treatises on Hindu and Islamic law. His political career began in 1830 as secretary to Lord William Bentinck; and, in 1837, he became one of the most trusted advisers of the governor-general, Lord Auckland, with whose policy of supporting Shah Shujah against Dost Mahommed Khan, the reigning Amir of Kabul, Macnaghten became closely identified.
      He was created a baronet in 1840, and four months before his death was nominated to the governorship of Bombay.
      As the British Envoy and Political Agent in Kabul, he came into conflict with the British military authorities and subsequently with his subordinate Sir Alexander Burnes. Macnaghten attempted to placate the Afghan chiefs with heavy subsidies, but when the drain on the Indian exchequer became too great, and the allowances were reduced, this policy precipitated a disastrous collapse in relations between the British and Afghans. Burnes was murdered on 2 November 1841; and under the elderly General William Elphinstone, who was also injured in a bad fall from his horse, the morale and confidence of the British/Indian army in Kabul drastically deteriorated.

      Macnaghten tried to save the situation by negotiating with the Afghan chiefs and, independently of them, with Dost Mahammad's son, Wazir Akbar Khan. At a meeting with Wazir Akbar Khan outside Kabul on 23 December 1841, Macnaghten presented Wazir Akbar Khan with a fine pair of pistols as a gesture of friendship and good faith. However, Wazir Akbar Khan murdered Macnaghten on the spot. The exact circumstances of his death are unclear. Wazir Akbar Khan may have killed Macnaghten with one of the very pistols that he had just been gifted by Macnaghten, or Macnaghten may have been killed because he was resisting after being captured and it was feared he would break free. The former account is more likely to be true.
      The eviction of the British army soon became an inspirational story among the Afghans, with the disastrous retreat from Kabul and the Massacre of Elphinstone's army in the Khurd-Kabul Pass following. The entire calamitous episode cast the gravest doubt on Macnaghten's capacity for dealing with the problems of colonial diplomacy.


      Works


      Macnaghten produced one of the principal editions of the Thousand and One Nights, known as the Calcutta II edition.


      Appearances in fiction



      Macnaghten appears in the first volume of the Flashman Papers, being depicted as ambitious, arrogant and a megalomaniac.
      He also appears in To Herat and Kabul by G. A. Henty. He is pictured as a brave man, but clueless about Afghan politics. Henty places the blame for convincing Lord Auckland, the Governor-General of India, to place Shuja on the throne squarely on his shoulders.


      References



      This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Macnaghten, Sir William Hay". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 264–265.
      Prior, Katherine (2004). "Macnaghten, Sir William Hay, baronet (1793–1841)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/17705. Retrieved 3 August 2006. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)

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    William Hay Macnaghten - Wikipedia

    Sir William Hay Macnaghten, 1st Baronet (24 August 1793 – 23 December 1841), was a British civil servant in India, who played a major part in the First Anglo-Afghan War. William was the second son of Sir Francis Macnaghten, 1st Baronet, judge of the supreme courts of Madras and Calcutta, and was educated at Charterhouse.

    Sir William Hay Macnaghten, Baronet | Indian Empire, Afghan ...

    19 Des 2024 · Sir William Hay Macnaghten, Baronet (born August 1793—died Dec. 23, 1841, Kābul, Afg.) was a British interventionist agent in Afghanistan during the First Anglo-Afghan War (1839–42). He was created a baronet in 1840.

    The man who left life as a barrister to become British envoy ...

    20 Apr 2020 · One individual who played a prominent role in what would become known as the first Anglo-Afghan War was William Hay Mcnaghten, the second son of an Antrim barrister who had served as a senior...

    “One of the basest, foulest murders that ever stained the ...

    Of the few eminent tombs that have survived is one near the entrance commemorating the life of Sir William Macnaghten and containing the few pieces of the Envoy which his plucky wife managed to recover from a pit in Kabul after surviving her own remarkable ordeal as a captive and hostage of the Afghans.

    Sir William Hay Macnaghten (1793-1841) - Find a Grave

    The 2nd son of Sir Francis Macnaghten who was a Supreme Court Judge in Calcutta. William came to India at the age of 16 in September 1809 as a Cavalry Cadet on the Madras Establishment. He was then appointed Body Guard of the Governor of Madras.

    SIR WILLIAM HAY MACNAGHTEN IN AFGHANISTAN

    Sir William Hay Macnaghten was the second son of Sir Francis Workman Macnaghten, Chief of the Clan Macnachtan from 1832 to 1843. William was a central figure in the First Afghan War of 1838-1842, a major disaster for the British Empire—with eerie parallels to events of our time. Figure 1. Map of Afghanistan with key cities (www.worldatlas.com).

    Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Macnaghten ...

    MACNAGHTEN, Sir WILLIAM HAY (1793–1841), diplomatist, born in August 1793, was second son of Sir Francis Macnaghten (1763–1843) of Dundarave, Bushmills, co. Antrim, by his wife Letitia, eldest daughter of Sir William Dunkin of Clogher.