- Source: 1957 in science
The year 1957 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
Astronomy and space exploration
October 4 – Launch of Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite, by an R-7 Semyorka rocket from the Baikonur Cosmodrome near Tyuratam in the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic.
November 3 – Launch of Sputnik 2, with a dog called Laika on board, the first animal sent into orbit. There is no technology available to return it to Earth.
December 6 – The United States attempts launch of Vanguard TV3 which fails after just two seconds in the air.
Project Orion begins, a U.S. program to build a spacecraft powered by nuclear explosions.
Wilhelm Gliese publishes the first Gliese Catalogue of Nearby Stars.
Biology
Dopamine is first identified in the human brain by Katharine Montagu.
The structure of myoglobin is determined (using x-ray crystallography) by John Kendrew and colleagues in England.
The discovery of Na+/K+-ATPase, the first antiporter enzyme identified, is published by Jens Christian Skou of Aarhus University.
The Chlamydia trachomatis bacterium is first cultured (in the yolk sacs of eggs) by Tang Feifan and colleagues.
Chemistry
Costin Nenițescu synthesizes cyclobutadiene.
Computer science
April – IBM delivers the first compiler for the FORTRAN scientific programming language. It becomes the most widely used computer language for technical work.
Robert C. Prim independently rediscovers Prim's algorithm. It was first discovered in 1930 by Vojtěch Jarník and independently rediscovered again by Edsger Dijkstra in 1959.
Exploration
Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station established.
Mathematics
Karl Prachar publishes a key text on the distribution of prime numbers, Primzahlverteilung.
Medicine
June 27 – A report by the Medical Research Council (UK) reveals evidence to support a link between tobacco smoking and lung cancer.
October 1 – The drug Thalidomide is launched as a sedative by Grünenthal GmbH.
October 11 – An article by Fred Kummerow suggests a link between trans fats and heart disease.
Hashimoto's thyroiditis is recognised as an autoimmune disease, the first identified as organ-specific.
Paleontology
Charnia is first described following its discovery by schoolboy Roger Mason at a site in the Charnwood Forest of England; it is the first definitely Precambrian fossil known.
Physics
July – Hugh Everett III publishes the first scientifically founded many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics.
August – ZETA fusion reactor begins operation at the Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Harwell, Oxfordshire.
BCS theory of superconductivity developed by John Bardeen, Leon Cooper, and Robert Schrieffer.
B2FH, an astrophysics paper by the British astronomers Geoffrey Burbidge, Margaret Burbidge and Fred Hoyle and the American astronomer William Fowler, describes the synthesis of the lightest elements through nuclear processes in stars.
Rudolf Mössbauer discovers the Mössbauer effect.
University of Liverpool cyclotron produces violation of charge conjugation symmetry.
Psychology
Harry Harlow begins maternal-separation and social isolation experiments on rhesus monkeys.
Technology
December 2 – Reactor goes critical in Shippingport Atomic Power Station, Pennsylvania, the first commercial pressurized water reactor.
First working prototype Wankel engine.
Events
First Conference on Science and World Affairs held at Pugwash, Nova Scotia, organized by Joseph Rotblat.
Institutions
May 13 – National Polytechnical Museum established in Sofia, Bulgaria.
Awards
Nobel Prizes:
Physics – Chen Ning Yang and Tsung-Dao Lee
Chemistry – Lord Alexander R Todd
Medicine – Daniel Bovet
Births
April 2 – Caroline Dean, English plant scientist.
May 11 – Lynn J. Rothschild, American evolutionary biologist, astrobiologist and synthetic biologist at NASA's Ames Research Center.
July 12 – Rick Husband (died 2003), American astronaut.
October 1 – Éva Tardos, Hungarian-American computer scientist, Gödel Prize laureate.
September 11 – Julie Williams, Welsh neuropsychological geneticist.
October 6 – Ian Jacobs, English gynaecological oncologist.
October 21 – Wolfgang Ketterle, German winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics (2001).
November 23 – William Kaelin Jr., American winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (2019).
December 29 – Bruce Beutler, American immunologist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (2011).
Deaths
February 8
John von Neumann (born 1903), Hungarian American mathematician.
Walther Bothe (born 1891), German physicist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics 1954.
February 18 – Henry Norris Russell (born 1877), American astronomer.
May 7 – Wilhelm Filchner (born 1877), German explorer.
May 13 – Michael Fekete, (born 1886) Hungarian-born Israeli mathematician (died 1957)
May 26 – Edward Hutchinson Synge (born 1890), Irish|Irish theoretical physicist.
July 3 – Frederick Lindemann, 1st Viscount Cherwell (born 1886), German-born English physicist.
August 16 – Irving Langmuir (born 1881), American chemist and physicist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1932.
August 21 – Harald Ulrik Sverdrup (born 1888), Norwegian meteorologist and oceanographer.
September 21 – Henry E. Warren (born 1872), American inventor.
October 26 – Gerty Cori (born 1896), Czech American biochemist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947.
November – Helen Boyle (born 1869), British physician and psychologist.
November 3 – Wilhelm Reich (born 1897), Austrian American psychoanalyst.
December 14 – Kathleen Mary Drew-Baker (born 1901), English phycologist.
References
Kata Kunci Pencarian:
- Indium
- Universitas Yonsei
- Malaysia
- Dave Laksono
- Ilmu tanah
- Konvensi Fiksi Ilmiah Sedunia ke-15
- Teknik otomasi
- Randall Hartolaksono
- Majapahit
- Wimboh Santoso
- 1957 in science
- 1957 in science fiction
- 1957 in archaeology
- 1957
- 1957 in literature
- Branches of science
- Many-worlds interpretation
- Hard science fiction
- 1957 in film
- Science fiction
