- Source: 230s
The 230s decade ran from January 1, 230, to December 31, 239.
Events
= 230
=By place
Roman Empire
Emperor Alexander Severus decides that Thessaly should be a separate province from Macedonia. He increases taxes, in order to maintain the war against the Sassanids, and strengthen the defenses of the Roman Empire.
Persian Empire
King Ardashir I of the Persian Empire invades the Roman province of Mesopotamia, and unsuccessfully besieges the fortress town of Nisibis (Turkey). His army threatens the border outposts of Syria and Cappadocia.
Alexander Severus assembles the Roman army, and establishes his headquarters at Antioch. He attempts a diplomatic solution, but the Persians decline and choose war.
Korea
Jobun becomes king of the Korean kingdom of Silla.
By topic
Religion
July 21 – Pope Pontian succeeds Pope Urban I, as the 18th pope of Rome.
Patriarch Castinus succeeds Ciriacus I as patriarch Constantinople.
Seventy bishops hold the council of the Christian Church of Africa.
= 231
=By place
Roman Empire
Emperor Alexander Severus accompanies his mother Julia Mamaea to Syria, and campaigns against the Persians. Military command rests in the hands of his generals, but his presence gives additional weight to the empire's policy.
China
March–August – Battle of Mount Qi: The Chinese state of Shu Han gains a tactical victory, and the state of Cao Wei a strategic victory.
By topic
Religion
Origen, disciple of Ammonius Saccas, founder of Neoplatonism, is exiled in Caesarea.
= 232
=By place
Roman Empire
Roman–Persian Wars: Emperor Alexander Severus launches a three-pronged counterattack against the Persian forces of King Ardashir I, who have invaded Mesopotamia. However, the Roman army advancing through Armenia is halted. Alexander gives the order to march to the capital at Ctesiphon, but the Romans are defeated, and withdraw to Syria. The result is an acceptance of the status quo, and after heavy losses on both sides, a truce is signed.
By topic
Religion
Relics of St. Thomas are brought to Edessa from India.
Origen founds a school of Christian theology in Palestine.
Pope Heraclas of Alexandria is the first Bishop of Alexandria to use the appellation of "Pope".
= 233
=By place
Roman Empire
Emperor Alexander Severus celebrates a triumph in Rome to observe his "victory" the previous year over the Persians (in reality, Severus Alexander advanced towards Ctesiphon in 233, but as corroborated by Herodian, his armies suffered a humiliating defeat against Ardashir I). He is soon summoned to the Rhine frontier, where the Alamanni invade what is now modern-day Swabia. German tribes destroy Roman forts, and plunder the countryside at the Limes Germanicus.
= 234
=By place
Roman Empire
Emperor Alexander Severus and his mother Julia Mamaea move to Moguntiacum (modern Mainz), the capital of Germania Superior. His generals have planned a military offensive and built a bridge across the Rhine. Alexander prefers to negotiate for peace by buying off the Alemanni. This policy outrages the Roman legions and he loses the trust of the troops.
China
Battle of Wuzhang Plains between the Chinese states of Shu Han and Cao Wei: The army of Shu Han retreats, following an inconclusive result.
Korea
Saban becomes king of the Korean kingdom of Baekje. He is succeeded by Goi of Baekje later in the same year.
= 235
=By place
Roman Empire
March 22 – Emperor Severus Alexander and his mother Iulia Mamaea are murdered by their own soldiers. The soldiers proclaim Maximinus Thrax as emperor. The Severan dynasty ends, marking the beginning of the Crisis of the Third Century.
By topic
Religion
September 28 – Pope Pontian resigns, the first to abdicate, because he and Hippolytus, church leader of Rome, are exiled to the mines of Sardinia. Emperor Maximinus persecutes the Christians.
November 21 – Anterus succeeds Pontian as the nineteenth pope of Rome.
= 236
=By place
Roman Empire
Emperor Maximinus Thrax and Marcus Pupienus Africanus Maximus become Roman consuls.
The Roman Senate appoints a twenty-man committee to co-ordinate operations against Maximinus.
Maximinus campaigns against Dacians and Sarmatians from his supply depot at Sirmium.
By topic
Religion
January 10 – Pope Fabian succeeds Pope Anterus as the twentieth pope.
Fabian separates Rome into seven deaconships.
Fabian sends seven missionaries to Gaul to evangelize in the large cities.
= 237
=By place
Roman Empire
Emperor Maximinus Thrax campaigns on the rivers Danube and Rhine in Germania, defeating the Alemanni, and never visits Rome. He is accepted by the Roman Senate, but taxes the rich aristocracy heavily, and engenders such hostility among them, that they plot against him.
Persia
King Ardashir I of Persia renews his attacks on the Roman province of Mesopotamia.
By topic
Religion
Patriarch Eugenius I succeeds Patriarch Castinus as Patriarch of Constantinople.
Saint Babylas becomes Patriarch of Antioch.
= 238
=By place
Roman Empire
Emperor Maximinus Thrax campaigns against the Carpians on the Danube in Moesia (Balkans). In spite of the payment of a tribute, the Romans fail to persuade the Goths and the Germanic tribes.
c. March – Roman subjects in Africa revolt against Maximinus. The elderly Gordian yields to public demand that he succeed Maximinus and rules jointly with his 46-year-old son Gordian II.
c. April – Battle of Carthage: Numidian forces loyal to Maximinus invade Africa with support of Legio III Augusta. Gordian II is killed and after a siege, Gordian I commits suicide by hanging himself with his belt.
c. May – The Senate outlaws Maximinus for his bloodthirsty proscriptions in Ancient Rome and nominates two of its members, Pupienus and Balbinus, to the throne.
Maximinus advances to the town Aquileia in northern Italy; his army suffers from famine and disease, while the city is besieged. Soldiers of Legio II Parthica kill him in his tent, along with his son Maximinus (who is appointed co-emperor). Their corpses are decapitated and their heads carried to Rome.
c. August – The Praetorian Guard storms the palace and captures Pupienus and Balbinus. They are dragged naked through the streets of Rome and executed. On the same day Gordian III, age 13, is proclaimed the new emperor. Timesitheus becomes his tutor and advisor.
Future Emperor Valerian becomes princeps senatus.
The Colosseum is restored after being damaged.
The Goths, coming from Ukraine, cross the Danube and devastate the Roman Empire up to the border with Anatolia.
In North Africa, Legio III Augusta is dissolved. Until its reconstitution in 253, Africa is defended by auxiliary forces only.
China
Sima Yi, a Chinese general of the Cao Wei state, destroys the outlying northeastern warlord Gongsun Yuan in the Liaodong campaign.
By topic
Commerce
The silver content of the Roman denarius falls to 28 percent under Emperor Gordian III, down from 35 percent under Alexander Severus.
= 239
=By place
Asia
Cao Fang succeeds his adoptive father Cao Rui as emperor of the Cao Wei state, in the Three Kingdoms period of China.
A Chinese expeditionary force from the Eastern Wu state discovers the island of Taiwan.
Queen of Yamataikoku (Japan), Himiko was given Golden signature stamp by Wei Empire (China)
By topic
Religion
Origen publishes the Old Testament in five languages (approximate date).
Significant people
Births
230
Gaius Vibius Volusianus, Roman emperor (d. 253)
Marcus Aurelius Carus, Roman emperor (d. 283)
231
Cao Xun, Chinese prince of the Cao Wei state (d. 244)
232
August 19 – Marcus Aurelius Probus, Roman emperor (d. 282)
Cao Fang, Chinese emperor of the Cao Wei state (d. 274)
Sun Chen (or Zitong), Chinese general and regent (d. 259)
Zhang Hua, Chinese official, scholar and poet (d. 300)
233
Chen Shou, Chinese historian and writer of the Records of the Three Kingdoms (d. 297)
234
Porphyry, Phoenician Neoplatonic philosopher (d. c. 305)
Wang Rong, Chinese general and politician (d. 305)
235
Sun Xiu, Chinese emperor of the Eastern Wu state (d. 264)
236
Wu of Jin (Sima Yan), Chinese emperor (d. 290)
Zhang Ti, Chinese official and chancellor (d. 280)
Zhou Chu, Chinese general and politician (d. 297)
237
Alexander of Constantinople, patriarch of Constantinople
Guo Huai (or Yuhuang), Chinese noblewoman (d. 296)
Philip II (the Younger), Roman emperor (d. 249)
238
Wen Yang (or Ciqian), Chinese general (d. 291)
Yang Yan (or Wuyuan), Chinese empress (d. 274)
Deaths
230
May 23 – Urban I, bishop of Rome (b. 175)
July 9 – Bian, Chinese empress dowager (b. 159)
Go Uru, Korean prime minister
Liang Xi, Chinese official and politician
Marius Maximus, Roman consul and biographer
Naehae of Silla, Korean ruler
Wu Zhi, Chinese official and general (b. 177)
Zhang Wen, Chinese official and politician (b. 193)
Zhang Yi, Chinese official and politician (b. 167)
Zhong Yao, Chinese official and calligrapher (b. 151)
231
Cao Zhen, Chinese general of the Cao Wei state
Li Hui (or De'ang), Chinese official and politician
Zhang He, Chinese general of the Cao Wei state
232
January 30 – Hua Xin, Chinese official and politician (b. 157)
October 22 – Demetrius I, patriarch of Alexandria (b. 127)
December 27 – Cao Zhi, Chinese prince and poet (b. 192)
Cao Hong, Chinese general of the Cao Wei state
Sun Lü, Chinese general of the Cao Wei state
Tiberius Julius Sauromates III, Roman client king
233
June 13 – Cao Rui, Chinese imperial prince of the Cao Wei state
Liu Ji, Chinese official and politician of the Eastern Wu state (b. 185)
Yu Fan, Chinese official and politician of the Eastern Wu state (b. 164)
234
April 21 – Xian of Han, Chinese emperor of the Han Dynasty (b. 181)
Li Miao (or Hannan), Chinese official and politician
Li Yan (or Li Ping), Chinese general and politician
Liu Yan (or Weishuo), Chinese general and politician
Liu Ye (or Ziyang), Chinese court adviser and politician
Pan Zhang (or Wengui), Chinese general and politician
Sun Huan (or Jiming), Chinese nobleman and general
Wei Yan (or Wenchang), Chinese general and politician
Xiahou Hui (or Yuanrong), Chinese noblewoman (b. 211)
Zhuge Liang, Chinese statesman and strategist (b. 181)
235
March 22 – Severus Alexander, Roman emperor (b. 208)
Cao Gun, Chinese imperial prince
Cassius Dio, Roman historian
Chen Zhen (or Xiaoqi), Chinese official and politician
Gaius Petronius Magnus, Roman consul and usurper
Guo Nüwang, Chinese emperres
Hippolytus, Christian theologian and writer (b. 170)
Julia Avita Mamaea, mother of Severus Alexander (b. 180)
Tiberius Julius Cotys III (or Kotys), Roman client king
Tiberius Julius Rhescuporis IV, Roman client king
Titius Quartinus, Roman governor and usurper
Xin Pi (or Zuozhi), Chinese official and politician
Yang Yi (or Weigong), Chinese official and adviser
236
January 3 – Anterus, bishop of Rome
July 4 – Dong Zhao, Chinese official and politician (b. 156)
Zhang Zhao, Chinese general and politician (b. 156)
237
February 7 – Chen Qun, Chinese official and politician
September 22 – Mingdao (or Mao), Chinese empress
Wu Yi (or Ziyuan), Chinese general of the Shu Han state
Zhang (or Jing'ai), Chinese empress of the Shu Han state
238
April 10 – Han Ji (or Gongzhi), Chinese politician
April 12
Gordian I, Roman emperor (b. 159)
Gordian II, Roman emperor (b. 192)
July 29
Pupienus, Roman emperor (b. 165)
Balbinus, Roman emperor (b. 178)
Bu Lianshi, Chinese noblewoman and concubine
Gongsun Yuan (or Wenyi), Chinese warlord
Maximinus Thrax, Roman emperor (b. 173)
Maximinus the Younger, Roman emperor
Zhu Huan (or Xiumu), Chinese general (b. 177)
239
January 22 – Cao Rui (or Yuanzhong), Chinese emperor (b. 206)
Lu Mao (or Zizhang), Chinese official and politician
Pan Jun (or Chengming), Chinese official and general
References
Kata Kunci Pencarian:
- 230-an
- Bell 430
- Mercedes-Benz Kelas-S
- Balbinus
- 230s
- 230s BC
- Casio CZ synthesizers
- Romania
- Timeline of the Three Kingdoms period
- Epigallocatechin gallate
- 3rd century BC
- Transport for Wales Rail
- Mercedes-Benz 230
- Pottier P.220S Koala
