• Source: 3-Indolepropionic acid

3-Indolepropionic acid (IPA), or indole-3-propionic acid, has been studied for its therapeutic value in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. As of 2022 IPA shows potential in the treatment of this disease, though the therapeutic effect of IPA depends on dose and time of therapy initiation.
Though promising in some historical clinical trials, IPA is not clinically listed as a useful therapeutic in managing Alzheimer's as of 2023.
IPA is an even more potent scavenger of hydroxyl radicals than melatonin, the most potent scavenger of hydroxyl radicals that is synthesized by human enzymes. Similar to melatonin but unlike other antioxidants, it scavenges radicals without subsequently generating reactive and pro-oxidant intermediate compounds.




Occurrence






= Biosynthesis in humans and cellular effects

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This compound is endogenously produced by human microbiota and has only been detected in vivo when the species Clostridium sporogenes is present in the gastrointestinal tract. As of April 2016, C. sporogenes, which uses tryptophan to synthesize IPA, is the only species of bacteria known to synthesize IPA in vivo at levels which are subsequently detectable in the blood plasma of the host.
C. sporogenes produces IPA via a two step process. Tryptophanse (TnaA) first converts tryptophan into indole. Tryptophan amino transferase (Tam1) then converts indole into IPA.

Peptostreptococcus species with a full fldAIBC gene cluster convert tryptophan into IPA and 3-indoleacrylic acid (IA) in vitro and protects against colitis in mice. IA differs from IPA only by a double bond and both enhance IL-10 secretion after LPS stimulation. However, IA does not reduce TNF production after LPS stimulation. It also activates the NRF2 antioxidant pathway and induces the expression of AhR target genes, unlike IPA.




= Biosynthesis by soil microbes

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IPA is structurally similar to the phytohormone auxin (indole-3-acetic acid, IAA). Plants may encounter the substance when soil bacteria that produces IPA is present (Clostridium is known to reside in soil). Like auxin, IPA increases the growth of lateral roots and root hairs. However, it seems to inhibit some auxin-related processes such as root gravitation, probably by interfering with the plant's own auxin signaling and/or transport.




Metabolism


IPA can be converted in the liver or kidneys to 3-indoleacrylic acid, which is subsequently conjugated with glycine, forming indolylacryloyl glycine.




History


The neuroprotective, antioxidant, and anti-amyloid properties of IPA were first reported in 1999.




Research


A study that assessed the effects of broad-spectrum antibiotics – specifically aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, and tetracyclines – on the metabolome of rats found that only aminoglycosides reduced plasma concentrations of IPA in rats.
In 2017, elevated concentrations of IPA in human blood plasma were found to be correlated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes and higher consumption of fiber-rich foods. A separate study found that Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery increases the amount of IPA and indole sulfuric acid (ISA) in obese T2D patients.
IPA is active in vitro against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other Mycobacterium species. It works as an allosteric inhibitor of tryptophan biosynthesis.




See also


Indolepropionamide
Life extension




References

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Kamus rumus kimia
• 3-Indolepropionic acid
• IPA
• Indole
• Tryptophan
• Clostridium sporogenes
• Gut–brain axis
• Indole-3-carbaldehyde
• Human microbiome
• Indoxyl sulfate
• Gut microbiota