• Source: 37th United States Congress

The 37th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C., from March 4, 1861, to March 4, 1863, during the first two years of Abraham Lincoln's presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the 1850 United States census.
For the first time since the party's establishment, the Republicans won the majority of both chambers, and thus full control of Congress. And with Abraham Lincoln becoming the first Republican President after being sworn in on March 4, 1861, the Republicans had their first ever overall federal government trifecta.




Major events



March 4, 1861: Republican pluralities are seated in Senate and House, becoming governing majorities in both Houses given vacancies among Southerners. Louisiana has 2 of 4 representatives remaining. Although represented in the Confederate Congress, Missouri and Kentucky remained with full delegations in the 37th Congress.
March 4, 1861: Abraham Lincoln is inaugurated President of the United States.
April 12–14, 1861: Battle of Fort Sumter, Civil War began.
April 19, 1861: Union blockade of the South begins at Fort Monroe, Virginia.
April 27, 1861: President Lincoln suspends habeas corpus from Washington, D.C., to Philadelphia and called up 75,000 militia.
May 6, 1861: Arkansas Secession Convention enacted an Ordinance of Secession.
May 20, 1861: North Carolina Secession Convention enacted an Ordinance of Secession.
May 23, 1861: Virginia popular referendum ratified Ordinance of Secession. 5 of 12 U.S. Representatives remained. Two senators from the "Restored Government of Virginia" replaced the two who withdrew.
June 8, 1861: Tennessee popular referendum ratified Ordinance of Secession. 3 of 10 U.S. Representatives remain. One Senator, Andrew Johnson, remained.
July 21, 1861: First Battle of Bull Run Union approach to Richmond is repulsed.
September 17, 1862: Battle of Antietam rebel invasion into Maryland is repulsed.
September 22, 1862: Emancipation Proclamation ordered, to begin January 1, 1863.
November 1862: 1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections and 1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections: Democrats gained 31 House seats to 31% and lost 5 Senate seats to 19%.




= Two special sessions

=
The Senate, a continuing body, was called into special session by President Lincoln, meeting from March 4 to 28, 1861. The border states and Texas were still represented. Shortly after the Senate session adjourned, Fort Sumter was attacked. The immediate results were to draw four additional states "into the confederacy with their more Southern sisters", and Lincoln called Congress into extraordinary session on July 4, 1861. The Senate confirmed calling forth troops and raising money to suppress rebellion as authorized in the Constitution.
Both Houses then duly met July 4, 1861. Seven states which would send representatives held their state elections for Representative over the months of May to June 1861. Members taking their seats had been elected before the secession crisis, during the formation of the Confederate government, and after Fort Sumter.
Once assembled with a quorum in the House, Congress approved Lincoln's war powers innovations as necessary to preserve the Union. Following the July Federal defeat at First Manassas, the Crittenden Resolution asserted the reason for "the present deplorable civil war." It was meant as an address to the nation, especially to the Border States at a time of U.S. military reverses, when the war support in border state populations was virtually the only thing keeping them in the Union.
Following resignations and expulsions occasioned by the outbreak of the Civil War, five states had some degree of dual representation in the U.S and the C.S. congresses. Congress accredited Members elected running in these five as Unionist (19), Democratic (6), Constitutional Unionist (1) and Republican (1).
All ten Kentucky and all seven Missouri representatives were accepted. The other three states seated four of thirteen representatives from Virginia, three of ten Tennesseans, and two of four from Louisiana.
The Crittenden Resolution declared the civil war "… has been forced upon the country by the disunionists of the southern States…" and it would be carried out for the supremacy of the Constitution and the preservation of the Union, and, that accomplished, "the war ought to cease". Democrats seized on this document, especially its assurances of no conquest or overthrowing domestic institutions (emancipation of slaves).




= Slaves and slavery

=
Congressional policy and military strategy were intertwined. In the first regular March session, Republicans superseded the Crittenden Resolution, removing the prohibition against emancipation of slaves.
In South Carolina, Gen. David Hunter issued a General Order in early May 1862 freeing all slaves in Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina. President Lincoln quickly rescinded the order, reserving this "supposed power" to his own discretion if it were indispensable to saving the Union. Later in the same month without directly disobeying Lincoln's prohibition against emancipation, General Benjamin Butler at Fort Monroe Virginia declared slaves escaped into his lines as "contraband of war", that is, forfeit to their rebel owners. On May 24, Congress followed General Butler's lead, and passed the First Confiscation Act in August, freeing slaves used for rebellion.
In Missouri, John C. Frémont, the 1856 Republican nominee for president, exceeded his authority as a General, declaring that all slaves held by rebels within his military district would be freed. Republican majorities in Congress responded on opening day of the December Session. Sen. Lyman Trumbull introduced a bill for confiscation of rebel property and emancipation for their slaves. "Acrimonious debate on confiscation proved a major preoccupation" of Congress. On March 13, 1862, Congress banned military officers from enforcing the Fugitive Slave Act under penalty of dismissal. The next month, the Congress abolished slavery in the District of Columbia with compensation for loyal citizens. An additional Confiscation Act in July declared free all slaves held by citizens in rebellion, but it had no practical effect without addressing where the act would take effect, or how ownership was to be proved.
Lincoln's preliminary Emancipation Proclamation was issued September 22, 1862. It became the principal issue before the public in the mid-term elections that year for the 38th Congress. But Republican majorities in both houses held (see 'Congress as a campaign machine' below), and the Republicans actually increased their majority in the Senate.
On January 1, 1863, the war measure by executive proclamation directed the army and the navy to treat all escaped slaves as free when entering Union lines from territory still in rebellion. The measure would take effect when the escaped slave entered Union lines and loyalty of the previous owner was irrelevant. Congress passed enabling legislation to carry out the Proclamation including "Freedman's Bureau" legislation. The practical effect was a massive internal evacuation of Confederate slave labor, and augmenting Union Army teamsters, railroad crews and infantry for the duration of the Civil War.




= Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War

=
Congress assumed watchdog responsibilities with this and other investigating committees.
The principle conflict between the president and congress was found in the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War. Eight thick volumes of testimony were filled with investigations of Union defeats and contractor scandals.
They were highly charged with partisan opinions "vehemently expressed" by chair Benjamin Wade of Ohio, Representative George Washington Julian of Indiana, and Zachariah Chandler of Michigan.
Sen. Chandler, who had been one of McClellan's advocates promoting his spectacular rise, particularly documented criticism of McClellan's Peninsular Campaign with its circuitous maneuvering, endless entrenchment and murderous camp diseases. It led to support for his dismissal.
A congressional committee could ruin a reputation, without itself having any military expertise. It would create the modern Congressional era in which generals fought wars with Congress looking over their shoulders, "and with public opinion following closely behind."




= Republican Platform goals

=
Republican majorities in both houses, apart from pro-union Democrats, and without vacant southern delegations, were able to enact their party platform. These included the Legal Tender Act, February 20, 1862, and increases in the tariff that amounted to protective tariffs. The Homestead Act, May 20, 1862, for government lands, and the Morrill Land Grant Act, July 2, 1862, for universities promoting practical arts in agriculture and mining, had no immediate war purpose. But they would have long range effects, as would the Pacific Railroad Act, July 1, 1862, for a transcontinental railroad.
Treasury innovations were driven by Secretary Salmon P. Chase and necessity of war. The Income Tax of 1861, numerous taxes on consumer goods such as whiskey, and a national currency all began in Civil War Congresses.




= Congress as election machinery

=

Member's floor speeches were not meant to be persuasive, but for publication in partisan newspapers. The real audience was the constituents back home. Congressional caucuses organized and funded political campaigns, publishing pamphlet versions of speeches and circulating them by the thousands free of postage on the member's franking privilege. Party congressional committees stayed in Washington during national campaigns, keeping an open flow of subsidized literature pouring back into the home districts.
Nevertheless, like other Congresses in the 1850s and 1860s, this Congress would see less than half of its membership reelected.
The characteristic turmoil found in the "3rd Party Period, 1855-1896" stirred political party realignment in the North even in the midst of civil war. In this Congress, failure to gain nomination and loss at the general election together accounted for a Membership turnover of 25%.




Major legislation



August 5, 1861: Revenue Act of 1861, Sess. 1, ch. 45, 12 Stat. 292
August 6, 1861: Confiscation Act of 1861, Sess. 1, ch. 60, 12 Stat. 319
February 19, 1862: Anti-Coolie Act, Sess. 1, ch. 24, 27, 12 Stat. 340
February 25, 1862: Legal Tender Act of 1862, Sess. 2, ch. 33, 12 Stat. 345
April 16, 1862: District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act, Sess. 2, ch. 54, 12 Stat. 376
May 15, 1862: An Act to Establish a Department of Agriculture, Sess. 2, ch. 72, 12 Stat. 387
May 20, 1862: Homestead Act, Sess. 2, ch. 75, 12 Stat. 392
May 20, 1862: Washington County Public Primary Schools Act ("An Act to provide for the Public Instruction of Youth in Primary Schools throughout the County of Washington, in the District of Columbia, without the Limits of the Cities of Washington and Georgetown"), Sess. 2, ch. 77, 12 Stat. 394
May 21, 1862: Georgetown and Washington Cities Colored Children Education Act ("An Act providing for the Education of Colored Children in the Cities of Washington and Georgetown, District of Columbia, and for other Purposes"), Sess. 2, ch. 83, 12 Stat. 407
June 19, 1862: An Act to secure Freedom to all persons within the Territories of the United States, Sess. 2, ch 111, 12 Stat. 432
July 1, 1862: Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act, Sess. 2, ch. 126, 12 Stat. 501
July 1, 1862: Revenue Act of 1862, Sess. 2, ch. 119, 12 Stat. 432
July 1, 1862: Pacific Railway Act, Sess. 2, ch. 120, 12 Stat. 489
July 2, 1862: Morrill Land Grant Colleges Act, Sess. 2, ch. 130, 12 Stat. 503
July 11, 1862: Georgetown and Washington Cities Colored Children Schools Act ("An Act relating to Schools for the Education of Colored Children in the Cities of Washington and Georgetown, in the District of Columbia"), Sess. 2, ch. 151, 12 Stat. 537
July 17, 1862: Militia Act of 1862, Sess. 2, ch. 201, 12 Stat. 597
February 25, 1863: National Bank Act, Sess. 3, ch 58, 12 Stat. 665
March 2, 1863: False Claims Act, Sess. 3, ch. 67, 12 Stat. 696
March 3, 1863: Enrollment Act, Sess. 3, ch. 75, 12 Stat. 731
March 3, 1863: Habeas Corpus Suspension Act, Sess. 3, ch. 81, 12 Stat. 755
March 3, 1863: Tenth Circuit Act, 12 Stat. 794




States admitted and territories organized






= States admitted

=
December 31, 1862: West Virginia admitted, Sess. 3, ch. 6, 12 Stat. 633, pending a presidential proclamation. (It became a state on June 20, 1863.)




= Territories organized

=
July 14, 1862: Nevada–Utah boundary line moved to the east, enlarging Nevada and reducing Utah in size, Sess. 2, ch. 12, 12 Stat. 575
February 24, 1863: Arizona Territory organized, Sess. 3, ch. 56, 12 Stat. 664
March 3, 1863: Idaho Territory organized, Sess. 3, ch. 117, 12 Stat. 808




States in rebellion



Congress did not accept secession. Most of the Representatives and Senators from states that attempted to secede left Congress; those who took part in the rebellion were expelled.

Secessions declared during previous Congress: South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas.
Louisiana Congressional Districts LA 1 and 2, two of its four representatives remained seated in the 37th Congress.
Secessions declared during this Congress:
April 17, 1861: Virginia (The pro-Union Restored Government of Virginia's two senators were seated, along with duly elected Representatives for VA 1, 7, 10, 11 and 12, five of its 13 representatives in the House.)
May 6, 1861: Arkansas
May 20, 1861: North Carolina
June 8, 1861: Tennessee (Sen. Andrew Johnson and three of the ten duly elected members of the House did not recognize secession and retained their seats in TN 2, 3 and 4.)
Although secessionist factions passed resolutions of secession in Missouri October 31, 1861, and in Kentucky November 20, 1861, their state delegations in the U.S. Congress remained in place, seven from Missouri and ten from Kentucky. Exile state governments resided with Confederate armies out-of-state, army-elected congressional representatives served as a solid pro-Jefferson Davis administration voting bloc in the Confederate Congress.




Party summary






= Senate

=




= House of Representatives

=




Leadership






= Senate

=

President: Hannibal Hamlin (R)
President pro tempore: Solomon Foot (R)
Republican Conference Chairman: John P. Hale




= House of Representatives

=
Speaker: Galusha A. Grow (R)




Members


This list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed by class, and representatives by district.

Skip to House of Representatives, below




= Senate

=
Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. In this Congress, Class 1 meant their term ended with this Congress, facing re-election in 1862; Class 2 meant their term began in the last Congress, facing re-election in 1864; and Class 3 meant their term began in this Congress, facing re-election in 1866.




= House of Representatives

=
Members of the House of Representatives are listed by their districts.




Changes in membership


The count below reflects changes from the beginning of this Congress.




= Senate

=




= House of Representatives

=




Committees






= Senate

=

Standing committees of the Senate resolved, Friday, March 8, 1861




= House of Representatives

=
Members by committee assignments, Congressional Globe, as published July 8, 1861. Spellings conform to those found in the Congressional Biographical Dictionary.
Unless otherwise noted, all committees listed are Standing, as found at the Library of Congress




= Joint committees

=



Enrolled Bills

Rep. Bradley F. Granger (R-Michigan)
Rep. George T. Cobb (D-New Jersey)



The Library

Rep. Edward McPherson (R-Pennsylvania)
Rep. Augustus Frank (R-New York)
Rep. John Law (D-Indiana)




Caucuses


Democratic (House)
Democratic (Senate)




Employees






= Legislative branch agency directors

=
Architect of the Capitol: Thomas U. Walter
Librarian of Congress: John Gould Stephenson




= Senate

=
Chaplain: Phineas D. Gurley (Presbyterian), until July 10, 1861
Byron Sunderland (Presbyterian), elected July 10, 1861
Secretary: Asbury Dickins, until July 10, 1861
John W. Forney, elected July 15, 1861
William Hickey (Chief Clerk) appointed "Acting Secretary", March 22, 1861
Sergeant at Arms: Dunning R. McNair, until July 6, 1861
George T. Brown, elected July 6, 1861




= House of Representatives

=
Chaplain: Thomas H. Stockton (Methodist), elected July 6, 1861
Clerk: John W. Forney, until July 4, 1861
Emerson Etheridge, elected July 4, 1861
Doorkeeper: Ira Goodnow
Messenger to the Speaker: Thaddeus Morrice
Postmaster: William S. King
Reading Clerks: [data missing]
Sergeant at Arms: Henry William Hoffman, until July 5, 1861
Edward Ball, elected July 5, 1861




See also


1860 United States elections (elections leading to this Congress)
1860 United States presidential election
1860–61 United States Senate elections
1860–61 United States House of Representatives elections
1862 United States elections (elections during this Congress, leading to the next Congress)
1862–63 United States Senate elections
1862–63 United States House of Representatives elections




Notes






References






Sources


Martis, Kenneth C. (1982). The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
Neely, Mark E. Jr. (2004). "12. The Civil War". In Julian E. Zelizer (ed.). The American Congress: the building of a democracy. Houghton Mifflin Co. ISBN 0-618-17906-2.
Hart, Albert Bushnell; Channing, Edward, eds. (November 1893). "Ordinances of Secession and Other Documents". Ordinances of Secession and Other Documents. 1860-1861. American History Leaflets Colonial and Constitutional. Vol. 12. New York: A. Lovell & Company. OCLC 7759360. Retrieved October 8, 2019. Alt URL




External links


Statutes at Large, 1789-1875
Senate Journal, First Forty-three Sessions of Congress
House Journal, First Forty-three Sessions of Congress
Congressional Directory for the 37th Congress, 2nd Session. U.S. Govt. Print. Off., etc. 1861.
Congressional Directory for the 37th Congress, 2nd Session (Revision). U.S. Govt. Print. Off., etc. 1862.
Congress, United States (1863). Congressional Directory for the 37th Congress, 3rd Session.

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