• Source: 40-Mile Loop

The 40-Mile Loop is a partially completed greenway trail around and through Portland in the U.S. state of Oregon. It was proposed in 1903 by the Olmsted Brothers architecture firm as part of the development of Forest Park.
One greenway expert calls it "one of the most creative and resourceful greenway projects in the country."
The name's "forty" was obsolete within a few decades after it was proposed. The proposed total path is now about 140 miles (230 km) long, and connects more than thirty city parks. Similarly, "loop" is not entirely accurate. There are several subloops, cutoffs and spur trails within the system. One spur is proposed to connect to the Pacific Crest Trail.




History



As part of beautification planning for the Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition of 1905, Portland's recently established Parks Board invited the Olmsted Brothers in 1903. Besides suggestions for Washington Park, their research of existing city parks resulted in a bold proposal for a loop of interconnected parks around the city, instead of a traditional plan of scattered parks: "A connected system of parks and parkways is manifestly far more complete and useful than a series of isolated parks." As the brothers puzzled over a name for the system, one asked the other "What would you call a forty-mile loop?" The firm was famous for its straightforward names, so they left it at that.
Little action occurred until a $1 million—equivalent to $32.7 million today—city bond measure in 1907 passed, which was used to develop existing parks. In 1912, another city planner, Edward H. Bennett, also recommended developing a ridgetop park long the West Hills. A $2 million bond issue to acquire the necessary land was voted down. However, shortly afterward, most of the lots sold in Forest Park forfeited to the city or Multnomah County due to high assessments for road building, and a landslide.
In 1943, influential urban planner Robert Moses was hired, and recommended establishing Forest Park. After several subsequent years of controversy, the park was created in 1948 from tax-delinquent lands, gifts, and purchases. This contained the first portion of the 40-mile (64 km) loop.
Little more happened until 1978: at the request of Oregon legislators, U.S. Congress stripped the Columbia Slough of its "navigable" status, enabling the land to be dedicated to recreational use, an important component of the Olmsted plan. The Oregon director of the Nature Conservancy responded to withering federal funds for parks and natural areas by reviving the loop plan to enthusiastic receptions by the City, suburban cities, federal agencies, conservationists, and civic groups. The alliance eventually formed the 40-Mile Loop Land Trust which proved most effective at getting the thirteen key governmental entities—which normally did not talk to each other—to effectively work together. It also served as an intermediary to transfer property from one entity to the other.
One of the Land Trust's major victories was bringing Southern Pacific and Union Pacific railroads together, which jointly owned the abandoned Springwater Corridor, to transfer the land in 1990 to the Trust. It represented significant progress in the completion of the loop.




Trail


The trail has a variety of sections: some are on level ground, such as along the Columbia River; others are heavily forested and/or mountainous, as through Washington Park's Hoyt Arboretum. All portions are suitable for walking and hiking, and most are open to bicycling. There are opportunities for strollers, wheelchairs, skating, skateboarding, horseback riding, canoeing, and kayaking.




Route highlights



St. Johns Bridge
Kelley Point Park
N. and NE Marine Drive along the south bank of the Columbia River
Smith and Bybee Wetlands Natural Area
Columbia Slough
Blue Lake Park
Troutdale, Oregon
Mount Hood Community College
Gresham, Oregon
Springwater Corridor
Gresham Main City Park
Gresham Butte
Powell Butte Nature Park
Leach Botanical Garden
Tideman Johnson Natural Area
Sellwood Park
Sellwood Riverfront Park
Oaks Amusement Park
Oaks Bottom Wildlife Refuge
Eastbank Esplanade
Hawthorne Bridge
Steel Bridge
I-205 Bike Path
Sellwood Bridge
Willamette Greenway
Willamette Park
South Waterfront
Wildwood Trail
Washington Park
World Forestry Center
Oregon Vietnam Veterans Memorial
Hoyt Arboretum
Pittock Mansion
Forest Park
Audubon Society of Portland




Future


The 40-Mile Loop spur Springwater Corridor radiates eastward through Gresham and into Boring. Metro has proposed constructing the Cazadero Trail which would extend that spur 2 miles (3.2 km) past Estacada for eventual connection to the Pacific Crest Trail.




See also


Mount Tabor, another park included in the Olmsted plan




References

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• 49-Mile Scenic Drive
• Portland, Oregon
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• Brightline
• Reaktor nuklir
• Midnights
• Jaringan Nasional
• Detroit
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• Komunikasi serat optik
• 40-Mile Loop
• Forest Park (Portland, Oregon)
• Washington Park station (TriMet)
• Portland, Oregon
• Springwater Corridor
• Pacific Crest Trail
• List of state highway loops in Texas (1–99)
• Columbia Slough
• Gordon Bennett Cup (auto racing)
• Barkley Marathons