- Source: 44th United States Congress
The 44th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1875, to March 4, 1877, during the seventh and eighth years of Ulysses S. Grant's presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the 1870 United States census. For the first time since the American Civil War, the House had a Democratic majority. The Senate maintained a Republican majority.
Major events
November 22, 1875: Vice President Henry Wilson died from a stroke
June 25, 1876: Custer's Last Stand at the Battle of Little Bighorn
July 4, 1876: United States Centennial
November 7, 1876: United States general elections, 1876, including the disputed Presidential election of 1876, later settled with the Compromise of 1877 which ended Reconstruction.
Major legislation
January 29, 1877: Electoral Commission Act, ch. 37, 19 Stat. 227
March 3, 1877: Desert Land Act, ch. 107, 19 Stat. 377
State admitted
August 1, 1876: Colorado admitted as the 38th state
Party summary
The count below identifies party affiliations at the beginning of the first session of this Congress, and includes members from vacancies and newly admitted states, when they were first seated. Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the "Changes in membership" section.
During this Congress, two Senate seats and one House seat were added for the new state, Colorado.
= Senate
== House of Representatives
=Leadership
= Senate
=President: Henry Wilson (R), until November 22, 1875; vacant thereafter.
President pro tempore: Thomas W. Ferry (R), from March 9, 1875
Republican Conference Chairman: Henry B. Anthony
Democratic Caucus Chairman: John W. Stevenson
= House of Representatives
=Speaker: Michael C. Kerr (D), until August 19, 1876 (died)
Samuel J. Randall (D), elected December 4, 1876
Democratic Caucus Chairman: Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar II
Republican Conference Chairman: George W. McCrary
Members
This list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed by class, and representatives are listed by district.
Skip to House of Representatives, below
= Senate
=Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. In this Congress, Class 1 meant their term began in this Congress, facing re-election in 1880; Class 2 meant their term ended in this Congress, facing re-election in 1876; and Class 3 meant their term began in the last Congress, facing re-election in 1878.
= House of Representatives
=The names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers.
Changes in membership
The count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress.
= Senate
=Replacements: 4
Democratic: 1 seat net gain
Republican: 1 seat net loss
Deaths: 3
Resignations: 1
Vacancy: 1
Interim appointments: 3
Seats of newly admitted states: 2
Total seats with changes: 7
= House of Representatives
=Replacements: 14
Democratic: no net change
Republican: no net change
Deaths: 9
Resignations: 6
Contested election: 5
Seats of newly admitted states: 1
Total seats with changes: 21
Committees
Lists of committees and their party leaders for members of the House and Senate committees can be found through the Official Congressional Directory at the bottom of this article. The directory after the pages of terms of service lists committees of the Senate, House (Standing with Subcommittees, Select and Special) and Joint and, after that, House/Senate committee assignments. On the committees section of the House and Senate in the Official Congressional Directory, the committee's members on the first row on the left side shows the chairman of the committee and on the right side shows the ranking member of the committee.
= Senate
=Agriculture (Chairman: Frederick T. Frelinghuysen; Ranking Member: Henry G. Davis)
Appropriations (Chairman: William Windom; Ranking Member: Stephen W. Dorsey)
Audit and Control the Contingent Expenses of the Senate (Chairman: John P. Jones; Ranking Member: George R. Dennis)
Civil Service and Retrenchment (Chairman: Thomas F. Bayard; Ranking Member: John J. Patterson)
Claims (Chairman: George G. Wright; Ranking Member: Samuel J.R. McMillan)
Commerce (Chairman: Roscoe Conkling; Ranking Member: Samuel J.R. McMillan)
Counting the Electoral Vote (Select)
Distributing Public Revenue Among the States (Select)
District of Columbia (Chairman: George E. Spencer; Ranking Member: Thomas J. Robertson)
Education and Labor (Chairman: John J. Patterson; Ranking Member: William Sharon)
Engrossed Bills (Chairman: Thomas F. Bayard; Ranking Member: Henry B. Anthony)
Enrolled Bills
Examine the Several Branches in the Civil Service (Select) (Chairman: James M. Harvey; Ranking Member: Augustus S. Merrimon)
Finance (Chairman: John Sherman; Ranking Member: John P. Jones)
Foreign Relations (Chairman: Simon Cameron; Ranking Member: Roscoe Conkling)
Indian Affairs (Chairman: William B. Allison; Ranking Member: Powell Clayton)
Judiciary (Chairman: George F. Edmunds; Ranking Member: Timothy O. Howe)
Manufactures (Chairman: Thomas J. Robertson; Ranking Member: William A. Wallace)
Military Affairs (Chairman: John A. Logan; Ranking Member: Ambrose E. Burnside)
Mines and Mining (Chairman: Aaron A. Sargent; Ranking Member: William Sharon)
Mississippi River Levee System (Select) (Chairman: James L. Alcorn; Ranking Member: Henry Cooper)
Mississippi Election Frauds, 1876 (Chairman: George S. Boutwell; Ranking Member: Joseph E. McDonald)
Naval Affairs (Chairman: Aaron H. Cragin; Ranking Member: Simon B. Conover)
Ordnance and War Ships (Select)
Patents (Chairman: Bainbridge Wadleigh; Ranking Member: John W. Johnston)
Pensions (Chairman: John J. Ingalls; Ranking Member: Blanche Bruce)
Post Office and Post Roads (Chairman: Hannibal Hamlin; Ranking Member: Algernon S. Paddock)
Private Land Claims (Chairman: Allen G. Thurman; Ranking Member: George F. Edmunds)
Privileges and Elections (Chairman: Oliver P. Morton; Ranking Member: Samuel J.R. McMillan)
Public Buildings and Grounds (Chairman: Justin S. Morrill; Ranking Member: Newton Booth)
Public Lands (Chairman: Richard J. Oglesby; Ranking Member: Newton Booth)
Railroads (Chairman: Joseph R. West; Ranking Member: John H. Mitchell)
Revision of the Laws (Chairman: George S. Boutwell; Ranking Member: Isaac P. Christiancy)
Revolutionary Claims (Chairman: John W. Stevenson; Ranking Member: George G. Wright)
Rules (Chairman: Thomas W. Ferry; Ranking Member: Augustus S. Merrimon)
Tariff Regulation (Select)
Territories (Chairman: Phineas W. Hitchcock; Ranking Member: William Sharon)
Transportation Routes to the Seaboard (Select)
Whole
= House of Representatives
=Accounts (Chairman: Charles B. Roberts; Ranking Member: George G. Hoskins)
Agriculture (Chairman: John H. Caldwell; Ranking Member: William B. Anderson)
Appropriations (Chairman: William S. Holman; Ranking Member: William A. Wheeler)
Banking and Currency (Chairman: Samuel S. Cox; Ranking Member: Scott Wike)
Claims (Chairman: John M. Bright; Ranking Member: John F. Philips)
Coinage, Weights and Measures (Chairman: Alexander H. Stephens; Ranking Member: Levi Maish)
Commerce (Chairman: Elijah Ward; Ranking Member: Henry Myer Phillips)
District of Columbia (Chairman: Aylett H. Buckner; Ranking Member: George Willard)
Education and Labor (Chairman: Gilbert C. Walker; Ranking Member: William M. Springer)
Elections (Chairman: John T. Harris; Ranking Member: Earley F. Poppleton)
Enrolled Bills
Expenditures in the Interior Department (Chairman: William Mutchler; Ranking Member: Laurin D. Woodworth)
Expenditures in the Justice Department (Chairman: Bernard G. Caulfield; Ranking Member: Edwin R. Meade)
Expenditures in the Navy Department (Chairman: George M. Beebe; Ranking Member: John H. Burleigh)
Expenditures in the Post Office Department (Chairman: William H. Stone; Ranking Member: William H.H. Stowell)
Expenditures in the State Department (Chairman: William M. Springer; Ranking Member: John W. Wallace)
Expenditures in the Treasury Department (Chairman: John M. Bright; Ranking Member: John S. Savage)
Expenditures in the War Department (Chairman: John Robbins; Ranking Member: Lyman K. Bass)
Expenditures on Public Buildings (Chairman: Henry B. Metcalfe; Ranking Member: Samuel N. Bell)
Foreign Affairs (Chairman: Thomas Swann; Ranking Member: William H. Forney)
Indian Affairs (Chairman: Alfred M. Scales; Ranking Member: Lafayette Lane)
Invalid Pensions (Chairman: George A. Jenks; Ranking Member: Jesse J. Yeates)
Judiciary (Chairman: J. Proctor Knott; Ranking Member: Bernard G. Caulfield)
Manufactures (Chairman: William H. Stone; Ranking Member: Samuel D. Burchard)
Mileage (Chairman: Albert G. Egbert; Ranking Member: Nathaniel H. Odell)
Military Affairs (Chairman: Henry B. Banning; Ranking Member: Augustus A. Hardenbergh)
Militia (Chairman: Jacob P. Cowan; Ranking Member: John K. Tarbox)
Mines and Mining (Chairman: Richard P. Bland; Ranking Member: Alexander Campbell)
Mississippi Levees (Chairman: E. John Ellis; Ranking Member: James Sheakley)
Naval Affairs (Chairman: Washington C. Whitthorne; Ranking Member: John Robbins)
Pacific Railroads (Chairman: Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar II; Ranking Member: John F. Philips)
Patents (Chairman: Robert B. Vance; Ranking Member: William E. Smith)
Post Office and Post Roads (Chairman: John B. Clark Jr.; Ranking Member: William F. Slemons)
Private Land Claims (Chairman: Thomas M. Gunter; Ranking Member: Lucien L. Ainsworth)
Public Buildings and Grounds (Chairman: William S. Holman; Ranking Member: Casey Young)
Public Expenditures (Chairman: Charles W. Milliken; Ranking Member: Alexander Campbell)
Public Lands (Chairman: Milton Sayler; Ranking Member: Lafayette Lane)
Railways and Canals (Chairman: Thomas L. Jones; Ranking Member: Levi A. Mackey)
Reform in the Civil Service (Chairman: John O. Whitehouse; Ranking Member: Augustus W. Cutler)
Revision of Laws (Chairman: Milton J. Durham; Ranking Member: Milton J. Durham)
Revolutionary Pensions and War of 1812 (Chairman: Eppa Hunton; Ranking Member: John G. Schumaker)
Rules (Select) (Chairman: Michael C. Kerr; Ranking Member: James G. Blaine)
Standards of Official Conduct
Territories (Chairman: Milton I. Southard; Ranking Member: Peter D. Wigginton)
War Claims (Chairman: John R. Eden; Ranking Member: John H. Caldwell)
Ways and Means (Chairman: William R. Morrison; Ranking Member: James G. Blaine)
Whole
= Joint committees
=Conditions of Indian Tribes (Special)
Enrolled Bills (Chairman: Rep. Henry R. Harris; Vice Chairman: Rep. Harris M. Plaisted)
Frame a Form of Government for the District of Columbia
Investigate Chinese Immigration
The Library (Chairman: Rep. Hiester Clymer; Vice Chairman: Rep. James Monroe)
Printing (Chairman: Rep. John L. Vance; Vice Chairmam: Rep. Latimer W. Ballou)
Caucuses
Democratic (House)
Democratic (Senate)
Employees
= Legislative branch agency directors
=Architect of the Capitol: Edward Clark
Librarian of Congress: Ainsworth Rand Spofford
Public Printer of the United States: Almon M. Clapp, from 1876
= Senate
=Chaplain: Byron Sunderland (Presbyterian)
Librarian: George F. Dawson
Secretary: George C. Gorham
Sergeant at Arms: John R. French
= House of Representatives
=Chaplain: John George Butler (Lutheran), until December 6, 1875
I. L. Townsend (Episcopalian), from December 6, 1875
Clerk: Edward McPherson, until December 6, 1875
George M. Adams, elected December 6, 1875
Clerk at the Speaker’s Table: William H. Scudder
Doorkeeper: Lafayette H. Fitzhugh
Postmaster: James M. Steuart
Reading Clerks: Thomas S. Pettit (D) and Neill S. Brown Jr. (R)
Sergeant at Arms: Nehemiah G. Ordway, until December 6, 1875
John G. Thompson, elected December 6, 1875
See also
1874 United States elections (elections leading to this Congress)
1874–75 United States Senate elections
1874–75 United States House of Representatives elections
1876 United States elections (elections during this Congress, leading to the next Congress)
1876 United States presidential election
1876–77 United States Senate elections
1876–77 United States House of Representatives elections
Notes
References
Martis, Kenneth C. (1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
Martis, Kenneth C. (1982). The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
External links
Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress
U.S. House of Representatives: House History
U.S. Senate: Statistics and Lists
Congressional Directory for the 44th Congress, 1st Session.
Congressional Directory for the 44th Congress, 1st Session (1st Revision).
Congressional Directory for the 44th Congress, 1st Session (2nd Revision).
Congressional Directory for the 44th Congress, 2nd Session.
Congressional Directory for the 44th Congress, 2nd Session (Revision).
Kata Kunci Pencarian:
- Joe Biden
- Kongres Amerika Serikat ke-44
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- Barack Obama
- Whitney Houston
- March for Life (Washington, D.C.)
- 44th United States Congress
- List of United States Congresses
- Electoral Commission (United States)
- List of United States federal legislation
- United States congressional delegations from Colorado
- List of United States senators in the 44th Congress
- Party divisions of United States Congresses
- 1874 United States elections
- United States congressional delegations from Oregon
- Thomas W. Ferry
