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- Source: Addo Elephant National Park Marine Protected Area
The Addo Elephant National Park Marine Protected Area is a marine conservation area in Algoa Bay, adjacent to the Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality, near Gqeberha, previously Port Elizabeth.
History
The Marine Protected Area (MPA) was proclaimed by the Minister of Environmental Affairs, in section 43 of the Marine Living Resources Act, 18 of 1998.
MPA established date: 2005
Mix of restricted and controlled zones. Consultation with commercial fishermen, divers and other members of the public.
Approved by Cabinet on Wednesday, 24 October 2018, and proclaimed on 23 May 2019.
The original section of the park was founded in 1931, in part due to the efforts of Sydney Skaife, in order to provide a sanctuary for the eleven remaining elephants in the area. The park has proven to be very successful and currently houses more than 600 elephants and a large number of other mammals.
Purpose
A marine protected area is defined by the IUCN as "A clearly defined geographical space, recognised, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values".
The Addo MPA is focused on protecting economically important linefish like kob and white steenbras.
Extent
The MPA extends 80 km (50 mi) eastward from Coega harbour, with an area of 1,200 km2 (460 sq mi), and includes the estuary of the Sundays river from S33Ā°37.665ā, E025Ā°44.082ā to the mouth of the river. The MPA includes the seabed and the water above it.
= Boundaries
=
The boundaries of the MPA are:
North-western boundary: S33Ā°46.792', E25Ā°43.273' to S33Ā°48.167', E25Ā°42.000'
Western boundary: S33Ā°48.167', E25Ā°42.000' to S33Ā°52.500', E25Ā°42.000'
Southern boundary: S33Ā°52.500', E25Ā°42.000' to S33Ā°52.500', E26Ā°31.772'
Eastern boundary: S33Ā°52.500', E26Ā°31.772' to S33Ā°45.202', E26Ā°31.772'
Northern boundary: S33Ā°45.202', E26Ā°31.772' to S33Ā°46.792', E25Ā°43.273' along the high-water mark, and S33Ā°37.665', E25Ā°44.082' in the estuary of the Sundays River.
= Zonation
=
The MPA has a mix of restricted and controlled zones. Commercial fishermen, divers and other members of the public were consulted during the planning phase.
Restricted zones
Bird Island inshore and offshore restricted zone:
Northern boundary: S33Ā°43.257ā, E026Ā°09.1636ā to S33Ā°46.037ā, E026Ā°19.458ā along the high-water mark, then from S33Ā°46.037āE026Ā°19.458ā to S33Ā°45.951ā E026Ā°29.350ā, 200 m seawards of the high-water mark.
Eastern boundary: S33Ā°45.951ā E026Ā°29.350ā to S33Ā°52.500ā, E026Ā°29.350ā
Southern boundary: S33Ā°52.500ā, E026Ā°29.350ā to S33Ā°52.500ā, E026Ā°10.000ā
Western boundary: S33Ā°52.500ā, E026Ā°10.000ā to S33Ā°43.257ā, E026Ā°09.1636ā
St. Croix Island offshore restricted zone:
Northern boundary: S33Ā°46.792, E025Ā°43.273ā to S33Ā°43.325ā, E025Ā°51.607ā, 200 m seawards of the high-water mark.
Eastern boundary: S33Ā°43.325ā, E025Ā°51.607ā to S33Ā°52.500ā, E025Ā°51.607ā
Southern boundary: S33Ā°52.500ā, E025Ā°51.607ā to S33Ā°52.500ā, E025Ā°42.000ā
Western boundary: S33Ā°52.500ā, E025Ā°42.000ā to S33Ā°48.167ā, E025Ā°42.000ā
North-western boundary: S33Ā°48.167ā, E025Ā°42.000ā to S33Ā°46.792ā, E025Ā°43.273ā
Sundays inshore restricted zone:
Northern boundary: S33Ā°42.491ā, E025Ā°57.35ā to S33Ā°43.257ā, E026Ā°09.1636ā, along the high-water mark
Eastern boundary: S33Ā°43.257ā, E026Ā°09.1636ā to S33Ā°44.328ā, E026Ā°10.000ā
Southern boundary: S33Ā°44.328ā, E026Ā°10.000ā to S33Ā°43.541ā, E025Ā°57.350ā
Western boundary: S33Ā°43.541ā, E025Ā°57.350ā to S33Ā°42.491ā, E025Ā°57.35ā
Sundayās River estuary mouth restricted zone:
Northern boundary: S33Ā°43.179ā, E025Ā°50.762ā to S33Ā°43.048ā, E025Ā°51.447ā
Eastern boundary: S33Ā°43.048ā, E025Ā°51.447ā to S33Ā°43.309ā, E025Ā°51.530ā
Southern boundary: S33Ā°43.309ā, E025Ā°51.530ā to S33Ā°43.441ā, E025Ā°50.843ā
Western boundary: S33Ā°43.441ā, E025Ā°50.843ā, to S33Ā°43.179ā, E025Ā°50.762ā
Sundayās River estuary restricted zone:
The estuary below the high-water mark between S33Ā°41.029ā, E025Ā°46.248ā at the "Koppies" and S33Ā°37.665ā, E025Ā°44.082ā
Controlled zones
Cannon Rocks inshore and offshore controlled zone:
Northern boundary: S33Ā°45.951ā, E026Ā°29.350ā along the high-water mark to S33Ā°45.202ā, E026Ā°31.772ā
Eastern boundary: S33Ā°45.202ā, E026Ā°31.772ā² to S33Ā°52.500ā E026Ā°31.772ā
Southern boundary: S33Ā°52.500ā, E026Ā°31.772ā to S33Ā°52.500ā, E026Ā°29.350ā
Western boundary: S33Ā°52.500ā, R026Ā°29.350ā to S33Ā°45.951ā E026Ā°29.350ā
Cape Padrone inshore controlled zone:
Northern boundary: From S33Ā°46.037ā, E026Ā°19.458ā along the high-water mark to S33Ā°45.951ā, E026Ā°29.350ā
Southern boundary: a line 200m offshore of the northern boundary
Sundays inshore and offshore controlled zone:
Northern boundary: From S33Ā°43.188ā, E025Ā°51.607ā along the high-water mark to S33Ā°42.491ā, E025Ā°57.350ā, then south to S33Ā°43.541ā, E025Ā°57.350ā, and then to S33Ā°44.328ā, E026Ā°10.000ā
Eastern boundary: S33Ā°44.328ā, E026Ā°10.000ā² to S33Ā°52.500ā, E026Ā°10.000ā
Southern boundary: S33Ā°52.500ā, E026Ā°10.000ā to S33Ā°52.500ā, E025Ā°51.607ā
Western boundary: S33Ā°52.500ā, E025Ā°51.607ā to S33Ā°43.188ā, E025Ā°51.607ā
Algoa Bay zone for sustainable aquaculture:
A zone within the Sundays inshore and offshore controlled zone,
Northern boundary: S33Ā°45.3383ā, E25Ā°51.6075ā to S33Ā°45.3383ā, E25Ā°52.88052ā
Eastern boundary: S33Ā°45.3383ā, E25Ā°52.88052ā to S33Ā°48.07272ā, E25Ā°52.88052ā
Southern boundary: S33Ā°48.07272ā, E25Ā°52.88052ā to S33Ā°48.0783ā, E25Ā°51.6075ā
Western boundary: S33Ā°48.0783ā, E25Ā°51.6075ā to S33Ā°45.3383ā, E25Ā°51.6075ā
Sundays inshore controlled zone:
Northern boundary: S33Ā°46.792ā, E025Ā°43.273ā to S33Ā°43.336ā, E025Ā°50.810ā along the high-water mark west of the Sundays River mouth, and S33Ā°43.204ā, E025Ā°51.497ā to S33Ā°43.188ā, E025Ā°51.607ā along the high-water mark east of the Sundays River mouth
Southern boundary: a line 200m offshore of the northern boundary
There is a gap between S33Ā°43.336ā, E025Ā°50.810ā and S33Ā°43.204ā, E025Ā°51.497ā that is part of the Sundays River estuary mouth restricted zone.
Sundayās River estuary controlled zone:
The estuary below the high-water mark, between the boundary of the Sundays River estuary mouth restricted zone and S33Ā°41.029ā, E025Ā°46.248ā, at the "Koppies".
Management
The marine protected areas of South Africa are the responsibility of the national government, which has management agreements with a variety of MPA management authorities, in this case, South African National Parks (SANParks), which manages the MPA with funding from the SA Government through the Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA).
The Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries is responsible for issuing permits, quotas and law enforcement.
Use
Whale and dolphin watching ecotourism (Bottlenose dolphins, Orca and several whale species)
Scuba diving with permit in specified zones.
Recreational angling with permit in specified zones
Waterskiing and recreational boating in the estuary
= Activities requiring a permit
=
A permit must be issued by the management authority for the following activities:
Scientific research and monitoring
White shark cage-diving
Salvage operations
Maintenance of legal underwater infrastructure
Underwater photography
Other activity authorized in terms of legislation
Fishing
Scuba diving
Scuba diving in the MPA is only allowed in the Marine Protected Area in the St Croix offshore restricted zone, the Cannon Rock inshore and offshore controlled zone and the Sundays inshore and offshore controlled zone. The diver must be in possession of a personal permit to dive in marine protected areas. Operating a scuba diving business in these zones requires the operator to have a permit for that purpose.
= Named dive sites =
Named dive sites in the MPA include:
Bird Island 33.840Ā°S 26.287Ā°Eļ»æ / -33.840; 26.287
Brenton Island 33.817Ā°S 25.765Ā°Eļ»æ / -33.817; 25.765 and 33.8162Ā°S 26.8144Ā°Eļ»æ / -33.8162; 26.8144
Evanās Peak 33.8431Ā°S 25.8166Ā°Eļ»æ / -33.8431; 25.8166
St Croix Island Scuba Trails 33.797Ā°S 25.770Ā°Eļ»æ / -33.797; 25.770
= Prohibited activities
=
Geography
= General topography
=
Algoa Bay is a maritime bay of the Indian Ocean in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. It is located on the east part of the south coast, 683 kilometres (424 mi) east of the Cape of Good Hope, and is bounded to the west by Cape Recife and to the east by Cape Padrone. The bay is up to 436 m (1,430 ft) deep. The harbour city of Port Elizabeth is situated adjacent to the bay, and the Port of Ngqura deep water port facility is on the north shore.
Islands
The bay contains six named islands in two groups of three that according to BirdLife International āare of considerable importance as they are the only islands along a 1,777 km (1,104 mi) stretch of coastline between Cape Agulhas and Inhaca Island in Mozambique." The combined surface area of these islands is said to be 40 ha (99 acres).
Close inshore, near the new Ngquru harbour development at Coega, on the north-eastern outskirts of Port Elizabeth, is the St Croix group, consisting of a main island of that name and two lesser islets, Jahleel Island just off the Ngqurha breakwater and Brenton Island on the seaward side. The second group consists of Bird, Seal and Stag Islands. All six islands and their adjacent waters are declared nature reserves and form part of the Addo Elephant National Park. The islands are closed to the public.
= St. Croix group =
St. Croix Island at 33Ā°47ā²58ā³S 25Ā°46ā²11ā³E is 3.9 km (2.4 mi) from the nearest land and rises to about 59 m (194 ft). The island is rocky and has very little vegetation. The island is about 700 m (2,300 ft) long on a northwest, southeast axis and about 360 m (1,180 ft) wide. The highest point is halfway along the north coast.
Brenton Island (33Ā°49ā²3ā³S 25Ā°45ā²54ā³E) is equally sparsely vegetated, is less than 20 m (66 ft) high, and is roughly 250 m Ć 200 m (820 ft Ć 660 ft) long on a northwest-southeast axis. It is 5.75 km (3.57 mi) from the nearest point on the mainland and 1.75 km (1.09 mi) south of St. Croix.
Jahleel, at less than 10 m (33 ft) in height, is just over 1 km (0.62 mi) from the closest beach and less than that from Ngquruās 2.6 km (1.6 mi) long eastern breakwater. Jahleel is about the same size as Brenton and has a north-south axis. It is 5.75 km (3.57 mi) west of St. Croix.
= Bird Island group =
Vasco da Gama named this group of islands IlhĆ©us ChĆ£os (low or flat islands). In 1755, the East Indiaman Doddington was wrecked here while underway from Dover to India. Bird Island was named by the survivors as they left the island in their boat.
Bird Island (33Ā°50ā²26ā³S 26Ā°17ā²10ā³E), Seal Island and Stag Island lie in close proximity some 40 km (25 mi) east of the St Croix group or 53 km (33 mi) due east of Port Elizabeth and 7 km (4.3 mi) from the nearest landfall at Woody Cape ā part of the Addo Elephant National Park. Bird Island has a lighthouse, erected in 1898 after a series of shipwrecks in the vicinity of the island. Doddington Rock, West rock and East Reef lie just southwest of the group of islands.
At 19 hectares (47 acres), Bird Island is the largest of the Algoa Bay islands. It is relatively flat and rises to 9 m (30 ft). Seal Island is 0.6 hectares (1.5 acres) in size and lies 360 m (1,180 ft) north of Bird Island. Stag Island is even smaller at 0.1 hectares (0.25 acres) and is 320 m (1,050 ft) north-west of Bird Island. The islands are sparsely covered by mixed vegetation dominated by Mesembryanthemum. Tetragonia (Duneweed) and Chenopodium (Goosefoot) provide some cover for seabirdss.
= Geology
=
= Hydrography
=
Currents, waves and swell.
= Bathymetry
=
= Climate
=
Under the Kƶppen climate classification, the city of Port Elizabeth has an oceanic climate (Cfb). The area lies between the winter rainfall, Mediterranean climate zones of the Western Cape and the summer rainfall regions of eastern South Africa. Winters are cool but mild and summers are warm but considerably less humid and hot than more northerly parts of South Africa's east coast. The climate is very even throughout the year with extreme heat or moderate cold rare.
= Seasonal variations in sea conditions
=
Ecology
Rocky shores, sandy shores, offshore reef, soft marine sediments and estuaries are all represented in the MPA.
The MPA is in the warm temperate Agulhas inshore marine ecoregion to the east of Cape Point which extends eastwards to the Mbashe River. There are a large proportion of species endemic to South Africa along this coastline.
Three major habitats exist in the sea in this region, distinguished by the nature of the substrate. The substrate, or base material, is important in that it provides a base to which an organism can anchor itself, which is vitally important for those organisms which need to stay in one particular kind of place. Rocky shores and reefs provide a firm fixed substrate for the attachment of plants and animals. Sandy beaches and sediment bottoms are a relatively unstable substrate and cannot anchor many of the benthic organisms. Finally there is open water, above the substrate and clear of the sessile biota, where the organisms must drift or swim. Mixed habitats are also frequently found, which are a combination of those mentioned above.
Rocky shores and reefs
There are rocky reefs and mixed rocky and sandy bottoms. For many marine organisms the substrate is another type of marine organism, and it is common for several layers to co-exist. Examples of this are red bait pods, which are usually encrusted with sponges, ascidians, bryozoans, anemones, and gastropods, and abalone, which are usually covered by similar seaweeds to those found on the surrounding rocks, usually with a variety of other organisms living on the seaweeds.:āCh.2ā
The type of rock of the reef is of some importance, as it influences the range of possibilities for the local topography, which in turn influences the range of habitats provided, and therefore the diversity of inhabitants. Sandstone and other sedimentary rocks erode and weather very differently, and depending on the direction of dip and strike, and steepness of the dip, may produce reefs which are relatively flat to very high profile and full of small crevices. These features may be at varying angles to the shoreline and wave fronts. There are fewer large holes, tunnels and crevices in sandstone reefs, but often many deep but low near-horizontal crevices.
Sandy beaches and unconsolidated sedimentary bottoms (including silt, mud, sand, shelly, pebble and gravel bottoms)
Loose sediment bottoms at first glance appear to be fairly barren areas, as they lack the stability to support many of the spectacular reef based species, and the variety of large organisms is relatively low. The sediment is continually being moved around by wave action, to a greater or lesser degree depending on weather conditions and exposure of the area. This means that sessile organisms must be specifically adapted to areas of relatively loose substrate to thrive in them, and the variety of species found on a sandy or gravel bottom will depend on all these factors. Loose sedimentary bottoms have one important compensation for their instability, animals can burrow into the sediment and move up and down within its layers, which can provide feeding opportunities and protection from predation. Other species can dig themselves holes in which to shelter, or may feed by filtering water drawn through the tunnel, or by extending body parts adapted to this function into the water above the sediment.:āCh.3ā
The open sea
= Marine species diversity
=
Animals
Species protected by this MPA:
Mammals:
Cape fur seals Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus (breeding colony)
Southern right whale Eubalaena australis
Brydes whale
Minke whale
Humpback whale
Birds:
Cape gannets Morus capensis (breeding colony, feeding area)
African penguins Spheniscus demersus (breeding colony, feeding area)
Roseate terns. Sterna dougallii
Fish:
Great white shark Carcharodon carcharias
Kob (kabeljou) Argyrosomus spp.
Invertebrates:
Abalone (perlemoen) Haliotis midae
Seaweeds
Endemism
The MPA is in the warm temperate Agulhas inshore marine bioregion to the east of Cape Point which extends eastwards to the Mbashe River. There are a large proportion of species endemic to South Africa along this coastline. Nelson Mandela Bay has the largest proportion of endemic marine invertebrates and seaweeds on the South African coastline.
Alien invasive species
Threats
Slipways and harbours in the MPA
See also
Addo Elephant National Park ā Wildlife conservation park near Gqeberha in the Eastern Cape, South Africa
List of protected areas of South Africa ā Areas protected for conservation in South Africa
Marine protected areas of South Africa ā Protected areas of coastline or ocean in the EEZ of South Africa
References
Kata Kunci Pencarian:
