• Source: Albertson conjecture

In combinatorial mathematics, the Albertson conjecture is an unproven relationship between the crossing number and the chromatic number of a graph. It is named after Michael O. Albertson, a professor at Smith College, who stated it as a conjecture in 2007; it is one of his many conjectures in graph coloring theory. The conjecture states that, among all graphs requiring



n


{\displaystyle n}

colors, the complete graph




K

n




{\displaystyle K_{n}}

is the one with the smallest crossing number.
Equivalently, if a graph can be drawn with fewer crossings than




K

n




{\displaystyle K_{n}}

, then, according to the conjecture, it may be colored with fewer than



n


{\displaystyle n}

colors.




A conjectured formula for the minimum crossing number


It is straightforward to show that graphs with bounded crossing number have bounded chromatic number: one may assign distinct colors to the endpoints of all crossing edges and then 4-color the remaining planar graph. Albertson's conjecture replaces this qualitative relationship between crossing number and coloring by a more precise quantitative relationship. Specifically,
a different conjecture of Richard K. Guy (1972) states that the crossing number of the complete graph




K

n




{\displaystyle K_{n}}

is






cr


(

K

n


)
=


1
4




⌊




n
2




⌋



⌊



n
−
1

2


⌋


⌊



n
−
2

2


⌋


⌊



n
−
3

2


⌋

.


{\displaystyle {\textrm {cr}}(K_{n})={\frac {1}{4}}{\biggl \lfloor }{\frac {n}{2}}{\biggr \rfloor }\left\lfloor {\frac {n-1}{2}}\right\rfloor \left\lfloor {\frac {n-2}{2}}\right\rfloor \left\lfloor {\frac {n-3}{2}}\right\rfloor .}


It is known how to draw complete graphs with this many crossings, by placing the vertices in two concentric circles; what is unknown is whether there exists a better drawing with fewer crossings. Therefore, a strengthened formulation of the Albertson conjecture is that every



n


{\displaystyle n}

-chromatic graph has crossing number at least as large as the right hand side of this formula. This strengthened conjecture would be true if and only if both Guy's conjecture and the Albertson conjecture are true.




Asymptotic bounds


A weaker form of the conjecture, proven by M. Schaefer, states that every graph with chromatic number



n


{\displaystyle n}

has crossing number



Ω
(

n

4


)


{\displaystyle \Omega (n^{4})}

(using big omega notation), or equivalently that every graph with crossing number



k


{\displaystyle k}

has chromatic number



O
(

k

1

/

4


)


{\displaystyle O(k^{1/4})}

. Albertson, Cranston & Fox (2009) published a simple proof of these bounds, by combining the fact that every minimal



n


{\displaystyle n}

-chromatic graph has minimum degree at least



n
−
1


{\displaystyle n-1}

(because otherwise greedy coloring would use fewer colors) together with the crossing number inequality according to which every graph



G
=
(
V
,
E
)


{\displaystyle G=(V,E)}

with




|

E

|


/


|

V

|

≥
4


{\displaystyle |E|/|V|\geq 4}

has crossing number



Ω
(

|

E


|


3



/


|

V


|


2


)


{\displaystyle \Omega (|E|^{3}/|V|^{2})}

. Using the same reasoning, they show that a counterexample to Albertson's conjecture for the chromatic number



n


{\displaystyle n}

(if it exists) must have fewer than



4
n


{\displaystyle 4n}

vertices.




Special cases


The Albertson conjecture is vacuously true for



n
≤
4


{\displaystyle n\leq 4}

. In these cases,




K

n




{\displaystyle K_{n}}

has crossing number zero, so the conjecture states only that the



n


{\displaystyle n}

-chromatic graphs have crossing number greater than or equal to zero, something that is true of all graphs. The case



n
=
5


{\displaystyle n=5}

of Albertson's conjecture is equivalent to the four color theorem, that any planar graph can be colored with four or fewer colors, for the only graphs requiring fewer crossings than the one crossing of




K

5




{\displaystyle K_{5}}

are the planar graphs, and the conjecture implies that these should all be at most 4-chromatic. Through the efforts of several groups of authors the conjecture is now known to hold for all



n
≤
18


{\displaystyle n\leq 18}

. For every integer



c
≥
6


{\displaystyle c\geq 6}

, Luiz and Richter presented a family of



(
c
+
1
)


{\displaystyle (c+1)}

-color-critical graphs that do not contain a subdivision of the complete graph




K

c
+
1




{\displaystyle K_{c+1}}

but have crossing number at least that of




K

c
+
1




{\displaystyle K_{c+1}}

.




Related conjectures


There is also a connection to the Hadwiger conjecture, an important open problem in combinatorics concerning the relationship between chromatic number and the existence of large cliques as minors in a graph. A variant of the Hadwiger conjecture, stated by György Hajós, is that every



n


{\displaystyle n}

-chromatic graph contains a subdivision of




K

n




{\displaystyle K_{n}}

; if this were true, the Albertson conjecture would follow, because the crossing number of the whole graph is at least as large as the crossing number of any of its subdivisions. However, counterexamples to the Hajós conjecture are now known, so this connection does not provide an avenue for proof of the Albertson conjecture.




Notes






References


Ackerman, Eyal (2019), "On topological graphs with at most four crossings per edge", Computational Geometry, 85: 101574, 31, arXiv:1509.01932, doi:10.1016/j.comgeo.2019.101574, MR 4010251, S2CID 16847443
Albertson, Michael O.; Cranston, Daniel W.; Fox, Jacob (2009), "Colorings, crossings, and cliques" (PDF), Electronic Journal of Combinatorics, 16: R45, arXiv:1006.3783, Bibcode:2010arXiv1006.3783A, doi:10.37236/134, S2CID 8837711.
Barát, János; Tóth, Géza (2010), "Towards the Albertson Conjecture", Electronic Journal of Combinatorics, 17 (1): R73, arXiv:0909.0413, Bibcode:2009arXiv0909.0413B, doi:10.37236/345, S2CID 14640959.
Catlin, P. A. (1979), "Hajós's graph-colouring conjecture: variations and counterexamples", Journal of Combinatorial Theory, Series B, 26 (2): 268–274, doi:10.1016/0095-8956(79)90062-5.
Erdős, Paul; Fajtlowicz, Siemion (1981), "On the conjecture of Hajós", Combinatorica, 1 (2): 141–143, doi:10.1007/BF02579269, S2CID 1266711.
Guy, Richard K. (1972), "Crossing numbers of graphs", in Alavi, Y.; Lick, D. R.; White, A. T. (eds.), Graph Theory and Applications: Proceedings of the Conference at Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Mich., May 10–13, 1972, New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 111–124. As cited by Albertson, Cranston & Fox (2009).
Oporowski, B.; Zhao, D. (2009), "Coloring graphs with crossings", Discrete Mathematics, 309 (9): 2948–2951, arXiv:math/0501427, doi:10.1016/j.disc.2008.07.040, S2CID 16497175.
Luiz, Atílio; Richter, Bruce (2014), "Remarks on a conjecture of Barát and Tóth", Electronic Journal of Combinatorics, 21 (1): P1.57, doi:10.37236/3396.

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