• Source: Amphibia in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae

In the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, Carl Linnaeus described the Amphibia as:

Animals that are distinguished by a body cold and generally naked; stern and expressive countenance; harsh voice; mostly lurid color; filthy odor; a few are furnished with a horrid poison; all have cartilaginous bones, slow circulation, exquisite sight and hearing, large pulmonary vessels, lobate liver, oblong thick stomach, and cystic, hepatic, and pancreatic ducts: they are deficient in diaphragm, do not transpire (sweat), can live a long time without food, are tenatious of life, and have the power of reproducing parts which have been destroyed or lost; some undergo a metamorphosis; some cast (shed) their skin; some appear to live promiscuously on land or in the water, and some are torpid during the winter.
Linnaean characteristics

Heart: 1 auricle, 1 ventricle. Cold, dark red blood
Lungs: breathes uncertainly
Jaw: incumbent
Penis: (frequently) double
Eggs: (usually) membranaceous
Organs of Sense: tongue, nostrils, eyes, ears
Covering: a naked skin
Supports: various, in some none. Creeps in warm places and hisses
Linnaeus often regarded reptiles within the amphibian class because living in Sweden, he often noticed that the local reptiles (examples include the common adder and grass snake) would hunt and be active in the water.
In the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, Linnaeus included several species of fishes (that do not belong the superclass Osteichthyes) into the amphibian class. It was not until later on that he would merge them into the Fish class and give them their own new order "Chondropterygious", defining them as species with cartilaginous gills.
Linnaeus divided the amphibians based upon the limb structures and the way they breathed.




Reptiles



Testudo (turtles & tortoises)
Testudo mydas – Green sea turtle
Testudo caretta – Loggerhead sea turtle
Testudo orbicularis & Testudo lutaria – European pond turtle
Testudo scabra – Spot-legged turtle
Testudo graeca & Testudo pusilla – Spur-thighed tortoise
Testudo carolina & Testudo carinata – Eastern box turtle
Testudo geometrica – Geometric tortoise
Testudo serpentina – Common snapping turtle
Draco (gliding lizards)
Draco volans – Draco volans, Flying Dragon

Lacerta (terrestrial lizards, salamanders, & crocodilians)
Lacerta crocodilus – Caiman crocodilus, Spectacled Caiman
Lacerta caudiverbera – [fictitious]
Lacerta superciliosa – Uranoscodon superciliosa
Lacerta scutata – Lyriocephalus scutatus
Lacerta monitor – [rejected]
Lacerta principalis – Carolina Anole
Lacerta bicarinata – Neusticurus bicarinatus
Lacerta palustris, Lacerta vulgaris, & Lacerta aquatica – Lissotriton vulgaris, Smooth newt
Lacerta cordylus – Cordylus cordylus
Lacerta stellio – Laudakia stellio
Lacerta mauritanica – Tarentola mauritanica, European common gecko
Lacerta azurea – Uracentron azureum
Lacerta turcica – Hemidactylus turcicus, Mediterranean house gecko
Lacerta ameiva – Ameiva ameiva, Giant Ameiva
Lacerta agilis – Lacerta agilis, Sand Lizard
Lacerta algira – Psammodromus algirus, Large Psammodromus
Lacerta seps – Tetradactylus seps
Lacerta angulata – Alopoglossus angulatus
Lacerta chamaeleon – Chamaeleo chamaeleon, Common chameleon
Lacerta salamandra – Fire salamander
Lacerta gecko – Gekko gecko, Tokay gecko
Lacerta scincus – Scincus scincus, Sandfish
Lacerta hispida – Agama hispida
Lacerta orbicularis – Phrynosoma orbiculare, Mexican plateau horned lizard
Lacerta basiliscus – Basiliscus basiliscus, Common basilisk
Lacerta iguana – Iguana iguana, Green iguana
Lacerta calotes – Calotes calotes, Common green forest lizard
Lacerta agama – Agama agama, Rock Agama
Lacerta umbra – Plica umbra
Lacerta plica – Plica plica
Lacerta marmorata – Polychrus marmoratus
Lacerta bullaris – Jamaican giant anole
Lacerta strumosa – [nomen oblitum] for Anolis lineatusDaudin, 1802
Lacerta teguixin – Tupinambis teguixin, Gold tegu
Lacerta aurata
Lacerta punctata – Riopa punctata
Lacerta lemniscata – Cnemidophorus lemniscatus, Rainbow Whiptail
Lacerta fasciata – Plestiodon fasciatus, Five-lined skink
Lacerta lineata – Gymnophthalmus lineatus
Lacerta chalcides – Chalcides chalcides, Three-toed skink
Lacerta anguina – Chamaesaura anguina, Cape grass lizard

Rana (frogs & toads)
Rana pipa – Pipa pipa, Suriname Toad
Rana bufo, Rana rubeta, & Rana ventricosa – Bufo bufo, Common Toad
Rana gibbosa – Breviceps gibbosus, Cape Rain Frog
Rana variegata – Bombina variegata, yellow-bellied toad
Rana marina – Bufo marinus, cane toad
Rana typhonia – Trachycephalus typhonius
Rana ocellata – Osteopilus ocellatus
Rana cornuta – Ceratophrys cornuta, Surinam horned frog
Rana marginata – [nomen dubium]
Rana paradoxa – Pseudis paradoxa, paradoxical frog
Rana temporaria – Rana temporaria, Common Frog, and Rana arvalis, Moor Frog
Rana esculenta – Rana esculenta, Edible Frog
Rana arborea & Rana hyla – Hyla arborea, European tree frog
Rana boans – Hypsiboas boans




Serpentes



Crotalus (rattlesnakes)
Crotalus horridus – Crotalus horridus
Crotalus dryinas & Crotalus durissus – Crotalus durissus
Boa (boas)
Boa murina & Boa scytale – Eunectes murinus, anaconda
Boa canina & Boa hypnale – Corallus caninus, emerald tree boa
Boa constrictor & Boa orophias – Boa constrictor
Boa cenchria – Epicrates cenchria
Boa enydris & Boa hortulana – Corallus hortulanus

Coluber (racers, vipers & cobras)
Coluber vipera – Cerastes vipera
Coluber atropos – Bitis atropos
Coluber leberis – [suppressed]
Coluber lutrix – Duberria lutrix
Coluber calamarius – Oligodon calamarius
Coluber constrictor – Coluber constrictor
Coluber ammodytes – Vipera ammodytes
Coluber cerastes – Cerastes cerastes
Coluber plicatilis – Pseudoeryx plicatilis
Coluber domicella – Liophis poecilogyrus
Coluber alidras – perhaps Helicops angulatus
Coluber buccatus – Homalopsis buccata
Coluber angulatus – Helicops angulatus
Coluber berus & Coluber chersea – Vipera berus
Coluber caeruleus – [nomen dubium]
Coluber albus – Brachyorrhus albus
Coluber aspis – Vipera aspis
Coluber typhlus – Liophis typhlus
Coluber lebetinus – Macrovipera lebetina
Coluber melanocephalus – Tantilla melanocephala
Coluber cobella – Liophis cobella
Coluber reginae – Leimadophis reginae
Coluber severus – Xenodon severus
Coluber aurora – Lamprophis aurora
Coluber sipedon – Nerodia sipedon, northern water snake
Coluber maurus – Natrix maura
Coluber stolatus – Amphiesma stolatum, buff-striped keelback
Coluber vittatus – Xenochrophis vittatus, striped keelback
Coluber miliaris – Liophis miliaris
Coluber rhombeatus – Psammophylax rhombeatus
Coluber cyaneus – [nomen dubium]
Coluber natrix – Natrix natrix, grass snake
Coluber aesculapii & Coluber agilis – Erythrolamprus aesculapii
Coluber lacteus – Homoroselaps lacteus
Coluber aulicus – Lycodon aulicus, Indian wolf snake
Coluber monilis – [nomen dubium]
Coluber pallidus – Thamnodynastes pallidus
Coluber lineatus – Liophis lineatus
Coluber naja – Naja naja, Indian cobra
Coluber padera – [nomen dubium]
Coluber canus – Pseudaspis cana, mole snake
Coluber sibilans – Psammophis sibilans
Coluber laticaudatus – Laticauda laticaudata
Coluber sirtalis – Thamnophis sirtalis, common garter snake
Coluber atrox – Bothrops atrox
Coluber sibon & Coluber nebulatus – Sibon nebulatus, clouded snake
Coluber fuscus & Coluber saturninus – Chironius fuscus
Coluber candidus – Bungarus candidus
Coluber niveus – Naja haje, Egyptian cobra
Coluber scaber – Dasypeltis scabra, common egg-eater
Coluber carinatus – Chironius carinatus, machete savane
Coluber corallinus – Liophis triscalis
Coluber ovivorus – perhaps Pantherophis vulpinus, fox snake
Coluber exoletus – Chironius exoletus
Coluber situla – Zamenis situla, European ratsnake
Coluber triscalis – Liophis triscalis
Coluber lemniscatus – Micrurus lemniscatus
Coluber annulatus – Leptodeira annulata, machete savane
Coluber dipsas – [nomen dubium]
Coluber pelias – Chrysopelea pelias, banded flying snake
Coluber tyria – [nomen dubium]
Coluber jugularis – Dolichophis jugularis
Coluber petola – Oxyrhopus petolarius
Coluber molurus – Python molurus
Coluber ahaetulla – Leptophis ahaetulla
Coluber petolarius – Oxyrhopus petolarius
Coluber haje – Naja haje, Egyptian cobra
Coluber filiformis – [nomen dubium]
Coluber pullatus – Spilotes pullatus, tigre
Coluber hippocrepis – Hemorrhois hippocrepis, horseshoe whip snake
Coluber minervae – Liophis lineatus
Coluber cinereus – perhaps Liophis cobella
Coluber viridissimus – Philodryas viridissima
Coluber mucosus – Ptyas mucosa
Coluber cenchoa – Imantodes cenchoa
Coluber mycterizans – Ahaetulla mycterizans
Coluber caerulescens – [nomen dubium]
Coluber arges – [mythical]

Anguis (slowworms & worm snakes)
Anguis bipes – Scelotes bipes
Anguis meleagris – Acontias meleagris
Anguis colubrina – Gongylophis colubrinus, Egyptian sand boa
Anguis jaculus & Anguis cerastes – Eryx jaculus, javelin sand boa
Anguis maculata – Cylindrophis maculatus, Ceylonese cylinder snake
Anguis reticulata – Typhlops reticulatus, reticulate worm snake
Anguis lumbricalis – Typhlops lumbricalis, earthworm worm snake
Anguis laticauda – [nomen dubium]
Anguis scytale – Anilius scytale
Anguis eryx – part of Anguis fragilis, slowworm
Anguis fragilis – Anguis fragilis, slowworm

Amphisbaena (worm lizards)
Amphisbaena fuliginosa – Amphisbaena fuliginosa, spotted worm lizard
Amphisbaena alba – Amphisbaena alba, red worm lizard
Caecilia (caecilians)
Caecilia tentaculata – Caecilia tentaculata
Caecilia glutinosa – Ichthyophis glutinosus, Ceylon caecilian




Nantes



Petromyzon (lampreys)
Petromyzon marinus – Sea Lamprey
Petromyzon fluviatilis & Petromyzon branchialis – European river lamprey
Raja (rays)
Raja torpedo – Common torpedo
Raja batis – Common skate
Raja oxyrinchus – Long-nosed burton skate
Raja miraletus – Brown ray
Raja fullonica – Shagreen ray
Raja aquila – Common eagle ray
Raja altavela – Spiny butterfly ray
Raja pastinaca – Common stingray
Raja clavata – Thornback ray
Raja rhinobatos – Common guitarfish

Squalus (sharks)
Squalus acanthias – Spiny dogfish
Squalus centrina – Angular roughshark
Squalus spinax – Velvet belly lantern shark
Squalus squatina – Angelshark
Squalus zygaena – Smooth hammerhead shark
Squalus tiburo – Bonnethead shark
Squalus galeus – School shark
Squalus canicula & Squalus catulus – Small-spotted catshark
Squalus stellaris – Nursehound
Squalus glaucus – Blue shark
Squalus carcharias – Great white shark
Squalus mustelus – Common smooth-hound
Squalus pristis – Common sawfish
Chimaera (ratfishes)
Chimaera monstrosa – Rabbitfish
Chimaera callorynchus – Elephantfish
Lophius (anglerfishes)
Lophius piscatorius – Angler
Lophius vespertilio – Brazilian batfish
Lophius histrio – Sargassumfish
Acipenser (sturgeons)
Acipenser sturio – European Sea Sturgeon
Acipenser ruthenus – Sterlet
Acipenser huso – Beluga Sturgeon
Acipenser plecostomus – Suckermouth Catfish




Notes






References

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Systema Naturae
• 10th edition of Systema Naturae
• Amphibia in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae
• Aves in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae
• Animalia Paradoxa
• Tarentola mauritanica
• Linnaean taxonomy
• Carl Linnaeus
• Velvet scoter
• Agama (lizard)