• Source: Antonio de Guevara

Antonio de Guevara (c. 1481 – 3 April 1545) was a Spanish bishop and author. In 1527 he was named royal chronicler to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. His first book Libro áureo first appeared in pirated editions the following year. This pseudo-historical book of incidents and letters from the life of Marcus Aurelius (known in a later expanded edition as Relox des principes) was translated into nearly every language of Europe, including Russian, Swedish, Hungarian, Polish, Armenian, and Romanian. The popularity of Guevara’s book led scholar and translator Méric Casaubon to remark that no book besides the Bible was so often translated as Guevara’s Relox de principes, or Dial of Princes. Besides his book of Marcus Aurelius, Guevara wrote eight other books, some of which continued to be translated and republished in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.




Biography



Born in Treceño in the province of Cantabria, he spent some of his youth at the court of Isabella I of Castile. In 1505 he entered the Franciscan order. He successively held the offices of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor's court preacher, court historiographer, Bishop of Guadix, Bishop of Mondoñedo and counselor to Charles V. He travelled in the royal entourage during Charles V's journeys to Italy and other parts of Europe. His most well-known work, entitled The Dial of Princes (Reloj de príncipes in its original Spanish), published at Valladolid in 1529, and, according to its author, the fruit of eleven years' labour, is a mirror for princes in the form of a didactic novel, designed after the manner of Xenophon's Cyropaedia, to delineate in a somewhat ideal way, for the benefit of modern sovereigns, the life and character of an ancient prince, Marcus Aurelius, distinguished for wisdom and virtue. It was often reprinted in Spanish; and it so speedily attained fame that before the close of the century there were published several translations in Latin, Italian, French, German, Dutch and English. The two earliest English translations are by Lord Berners (London, 1534) and later by Thomas North. This book appeared in an earlier form in 1528 in pirated editions as Libro Aureo. The pseudo-historical nature of the book gave rise to a literary controversy, the author having claimed in his prologue that the book was drawn from an imaginary manuscript in a library belonging to the Medicis in Florence.

Other works of Guevara include the four works published in a single volume in Valladolid in 1539: Década de los Césares, or Lives of the Ten Roman Emperors in imitation of the manner of Plutarch and Suetonius; the Epístolas familiares, or The Familiar Epistles; Libro de los inventores del arte de marear, on the art of navigation; and Aviso de privados y doctrina de cortesanos. In this last-mentioned work, known in the English translation of Edward Hellowes as The Favored Courtier, Guevara anatomized the concept of the courtier, and thus, also the society of the royal court. Guevara, who most certainly had read Il Cortegiano (1518) by Baldassare Castiglione—whom Charles V called the greatest courtier of his age—brought a different aspect to the figure of the courtier: while the latter's work was a 'behavioral' guide, Guevara described the practical aspects of men surrounding a monarch and differentiated their duties from those who were part of religious orders in a famous passage in Chapter 1:

En la Religión si se levanta a media noche, es por loar al Señor en el culto Divino; mas en la Corte infinitas veces trasnochan, no por más de cumplir con el mundo.
"As far as religion is concerned, if one wakes up in the middle of night, it is to laud the Lord in the Divine worship. But at the court, they stay awake all night infinite times, for no other reason than to keep up with the world."
Besides the above-mentioned controversy, there was another regarding the two chapters on the Danubian Farmer, which appeared in different versions both in the Libro áureo and the Reloj de príncipes in which, it has been argued, the Farmer is a metaphor for the New World indigenous peoples and the Roman Empire is nothing less than the Spanish Empire.
Guevara died in Mondoñedo. He was the cousin of Diego de Guevara.




Criticism and legacy


Critical attitudes toward Guevara’s literary works may be roughly grouped into three phases: first, a period of great popularity throughout Europe peaking in the mid- to late-sixteenth century; second, a period during which Guevara’s works were censured on stylistic grounds and for using spurious citations and historical references, and consequently devalued; and, thirdly, in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, a rediscovery and more positive reassessment of his work.
The attitude of censure towards Guevara’s work first arose against the liberties he took in his pseudo-histories. Pedro de Rhúa in his Cartas censorias wrote three letters to Guevara expressing indignation that Guevara had written ‘fábulas por historias’. Pierre Bayle's judgment in his Dictionary Historical and Critical is in many ways representative of a negative view of Guevara's work prevailing during the late Renaissance and Enlightenment periods:

Guevara, (Antony de), preacher and historiographer to the emperor Charles V, was born in the province of Alaba in Spain. He was brought up at court; but after the death of queen Isabella of Castile, he turned a Franciscan friar, and very honourable employments in his order. Afterwards, having made himself known at court, he was made a preacher to Charles V, and was much esteemed for his politeness, eloquence, and great parts. He ought to have been contented with the glory he got by his tongue; for, pretending to write books, he made himself ridiculous to good judges. His high-flown and figurative style, full of antitheses, is not the greatest fault of his works. An ill taste, and a wrong notion of eloquence, put him upon such a way of writing; which was an inconsiderable thing, if compared with his extravagant way of handling history. He broke the most sacred and essential laws of it, with a boldness that cannot be sufficiently detested; and he shewed that no man was ever so unworthy of the character of Chronicler to Charles V, which was given him. He alleged a very bad excuse, when he was censured for it: he pretended, that, excepting the holy scripture, all other histories are too uncertain to be credited.
Bayle concludes his entry on Guevara by stating of The Dial of Princes that “if the French are to blame for having highly valued such a book, the Spaniards who have esteemed it still more, deserve more to be laughed at.”
In the twentieth century, scholarship on Guevara grew considerably. Book-length studies by Redondo, Ernest Grey, Joseph R. Jones, and Horacio Chiong Rivero have recounted Guevara’s harsh critical reception and made strong cases for his importance. Presently Guevara's complete works are freely available in accurate HTML editions at Filosofia. The scholar and editor Emilio Blanco has edited works by and about Guevara and in 2018 delivered public lectures on the life and works of Guevara at the Fundación Juan March in Madrid.




Works


Libro áureo de Marco Aurelio (Sevilla, 1528)
Reloj de príncipes (Valladolid, 1529)
Las obras del illustre señor don Antonio de gueuara (Valladolid, 1539)
Una década de Césares, es a saber: Las vidas de diez emperadores romanos que imperaron en los tiempos del buen Marco Aurelio
Aviso de privados y doctrina de cortesanos
Menosprecio de corte y alabanza de aldea
Arte del Marear y de los inventores de ella: con muchos avisos para los que navegan en ellas
Epístolas familiares (1539, 1541)
Oratorio de religiosos y ejercicio de virtuosos (Valladolid, 1542)
Monte Calvario, parts 1 and 2 (1545, 1549)




English translations


The Golden Boke of Marcus Aurelius Emperour, trans. John Bourchier, Lord Berners (London: Thomas Berthelet, 1534). 1559, 1566, 1586
A dispraise of the life of a courtier, and a commendacion of the life of the labouryng man, trans. Sir Francis Bryan (1548)
The Diall of Princes, trans. Thomas North (London: John Waylande, 1557; republished as The Dial of Princes, London: Richarde Tottill and Thomas Marshe, 1568)
The Favored Courtier, trans. Edward Hellowes (1563)
A Looking Glasse for the Court, trans. Sir Francis Bryan and Thomas Tymme (London: William Norton, 1575)
The familiar epistles of Sir Anthony of Gueuara, preacher, chronicler, and counceller to the Emperour Charles the fifth, trans. Edward Hellowes (London: Ralph Newberry, 1575?)
A chronicle, conteyning the liues of tenne emperours of Rome, trans. Edward Hellowes (London: Ralph Newberrie, 1577)
A booke of the inuention of the art of nauigation and of the greate trauelles whiche they passe that saile in Gallies, trans. Edward Hellowes (London: Ralph Newberry, 1578)
The Mount of Caluarie, (London: Printed by A. Islip for E. White, 1595)
Mount Caluarie, the Second Part, (London: Printed by A. Islip for E. White, 1597)
Archontorologion : Or The diall of princes: containing the golden and famovs booke of Marcvs Avrelivs, sometime emperour of Rome, trans. Sir Thomas North (London: B. Alsop, 1619)
Spanish Letters: Historical, Satyrical, and Moral, trans. John Savage (London, 1697)
The mysteries of mount Calvary, trans. Rev. Orbley Shipley (London: Ribingtons, 1868)
A Looking Glasse for the Court, trans. Sir Francis Bryan and Jessica Sequeira. Seattle, WA: Sublunary Editions, 2021.




References



This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Guevara, Antonio de". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.




Further reading


Alborg, José Luis. Historia de la literatura española: Edad Media y Renacimiento. Segunda edición ampliada. Madrid: Editorial Gredos, 1981: 726-734.
de Broce, Kathleen Bollard. 'Judging a Literary Career: The Case of Antonio de Guevara (1480?-1545)'. European Literary Careers: The Author from Antiquity to the Renaissance, edited by Patrick Cheney and Frederick A. De Armas, University of Toronto Press, 2002, pp. 165–185.
Castro, Américo. Hacia Cervantes. Tercera (considerable renovada) edición. Madrid: Taurus, 1967: 86-142.
Concejo, Pilar. Antonio de Guevara, un ensayista del siglo XVI. Madrid : Ediciones Cultura Hispánica, Instituto de Cooperación Iberoamericana, 1985.
Costes, René. Antonio de Guevara: Sa Vie, Son Œuvre. Bibliothèque de l'école des hautes études espagnoles. Paris, 1925.
Grey, Ernest. Guevara, a Forgotten Renaissance Author. University of Nijhoff, 1973.
Guevara, Antonio de. Libro aureo. In Revue Hispanique. Ed. R. Foulche-Delbosc, n. 169, t. 76 (1929): 6-319.
Guevara, Antonio de. Obras Completas. 2 tomes. Ed. Emilio Blanco. Madrid: Turner (Biblioteca Castro), 1994.
Jones, Joseph R. Antonio de Guevara. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1975.
Lupher, David A. Romans in a New World: Classical Models in Sixteenth-Century Spanish America. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 2003, pp. 50–56.
Redondo, Augustin. Antonio de Guevara (1480?-1545) et l'Espagne de son temps. Librairie Droz, 1976. 883pp.
Rivero, Horacio Chiong. The Rise of Pseudo-Historical Fiction: Fray Antonio de Guevara's Novelizations. New York: Peter Lang, 2004.
Underhill, John Garrett. Spanish Literature in the England of the Tudors. Macmillan, 1899.




External links


Digitizations of Guevara's manuscript of 'some letters by Marcus Aurelius' (a section of Libro áureo) at the Biblioteca Digital Hispánica
Video of Emilio Blanco's lecture on Guevara's life and time (in Spanish) and another lecture on Guevara's work

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