• Source: APG IV system

The APG IV system of flowering plant classification is the fourth version of a modern, mostly molecular-based, system of plant taxonomy for flowering plants (angiosperms) being developed by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG). It was published in 2016, seven years after its predecessor the APG III system was published in 2009, and 18 years after the first APG system was published in 1998. In 2009, a linear arrangement of the system was published separately; the APG IV paper includes such an arrangement, cross-referenced to the 2009 one.
Compared to the APG III system, the APG IV system recognizes five new orders (Boraginales, Dilleniales, Icacinales, Metteniusales and Vahliales), along with some new families, making a total of 64 angiosperm orders and 416 families. In general, the authors describe their philosophy as "conservative", based on making changes from APG III only where "a well-supported need" has been demonstrated. This has sometimes resulted in placements that are not compatible with published studies, but where further research is needed before the classification can be changed.




Short version






Detailed version


Key to symbols used:

* = the family has been added or its circumscription changed since the APG III system of 2009
† = the order has been added since the APG III system




= Basal angiosperms

=
Amborellales Melikyan et al.
Amborellaceae Pichon, nom. cons.
Nymphaeales Salisb. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
Hydatellaceae U.Hamann
Cabombaceae Rich. ex A.Rich., nom. cons.
Nymphaeaceae Salisb., nom. cons.
Austrobaileyales Takht. ex Reveal
Austrobaileyaceae Croizat, nom. cons.
Trimeniaceae Gibbs, nom. cons.
Schisandraceae Blume, nom. cons.




= Magnoliids

=
Canellales Cronq.
Canellaceae Mart., nom. cons.
Winteraceae R.Br. ex Lindl., nom. cons.
Piperales Bercht. & J.Presl
Saururaceae Rich. ex T.Lestib., nom. cons.
Piperaceae Giseke, nom. cons.
Aristolochiaceae Juss., nom. cons. * (including Asaraceae Vent., Hydnoraceae C.Agardh, nom. cons., Lactoridaceae Engl., nom. cons.)
Magnoliales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
Myristicaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
Magnoliaceae Juss., nom. cons.
Degeneriaceae I.W.Bailey & A.C.Sm., nom. cons.
Himantandraceae Diels, nom. cons.
Eupomatiaceae Orb., nom. cons.
Annonaceae Juss., nom. cons.
Laurales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
Calycanthaceae Lindl., nom. cons.
Siparunaceae Schodde
Gomortegaceae Reiche, nom. cons.
Atherospermataceae R.Br.
Hernandiaceae Blume, nom. cons.
Monimiaceae Juss., nom. cons.
Lauraceae Juss., nom. cons.




= Independent lineage: unplaced to more inclusive clade

=
Chloranthales Mart.
Chloranthaceae R.Br. ex Sims, nom. cons.




= Monocots

=
Acorales Mart.
Acoraceae Martinov
Alismatales R.Br. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
Araceae Juss., nom. cons.
Tofieldiaceae Takht.
Alismataceae Vent., nom. cons.
Butomaceae Mirb., nom. cons.
Hydrocharitaceae Juss., nom. cons.
Scheuchzeriaceae F.Rudolphi, nom. cons.
Aponogetonaceae Planch., nom. cons.
Juncaginaceae Rich., nom. cons. *
Maundiaceae Nakai *
Zosteraceae Dumort., nom. cons.
Potamogetonaceae Bercht. & J.Presl, nom. cons
Posidoniaceae Vines, nom. cons.
Ruppiaceae Horan., nom. cons.
Cymodoceaceae Vines, nom. cons.
Petrosaviales Takht.
Petrosaviaceae Hutch., nom. cons.
Dioscoreales Mart.
Nartheciaceae Fr. ex Bjurzon
Burmanniaceae Blume, nom. cons. (not monophyletic.)
Dioscoreaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
Pandanales R.Br. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
Triuridaceae Gardner, nom. cons.
Velloziaceae J.Agardh, nom. cons.
Stemonaceae Caruel, nom. cons.
Cyclanthaceae Poit. ex A.Rich., nom. cons.
Pandanaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
Liliales Perleb
Campynemataceae Dumort.
Corsiaceae Becc., nom. cons.
Melanthiaceae Batsch ex Borkh., nom. cons.
Petermanniaceae Hutch, nom. cons.
Alstroemeriaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
Colchicaceae DC., nom. cons.
Philesiaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
Ripogonaceae Conran & Clifford
Smilacaceae Vent., nom. cons.
Liliaceae Juss., nom. cons.
Asparagales Link
Orchidaceae Juss., nom. cons.
Boryaceae M.W.Chase et al.
Blandfordiaceae R.Dahlgren & Clifford
Asteliaceae Dumort.
Lanariaceae H.Huber ex R.Dahlgren
Hypoxidaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
Doryanthaceae R.Dahlgren & Clifford
Ixioliriaceae Nakai (as 'Ixiolirionaceae'; spelling corrected)
Tecophilaeaceae Leyb., nom. cons.
Iridaceae Juss., nom. cons.
Xeronemataceae M.W.Chase et al.
Asphodelaceae Juss., nom. cons. prop. (including Xanthorrhoeaceae Dumort., nom. cons.)
Amaryllidaceae J.St.-Hil., nom. cons.
Asparagaceae Juss., nom. cons.
Arecales Bromhead
Dasypogonaceae Dumort.
Arecaceae Bercht. & J.Presl, nom. cons. (=Palmae Juss., nom. cons.)
Commelinales Mirb. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
Hanguanaceae Airy Shaw
Commelinaceae Mirb., nom. cons.
Philydraceae Link, nom. cons.
Pontederiaceae Kunth, nom. cons.
Haemodoraceae R.Br., nom. cons.
Zingiberales Griseb.
Strelitziaceae Hutch., nom. cons.
Lowiaceae Ridl., nom. cons.
Heliconiaceae Vines
Musaceae Juss., nom. cons.
Cannaceae Juss., nom. cons.
Marantaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
Costaceae Nakai
Zingiberaceae Martinov, nom. cons.
Poales Small
Typhaceae Juss., nom. cons.
Bromeliaceae Juss., nom. cons.
Rapateaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
Xyridaceae C.Agardh, nom. cons.
Eriocaulaceae Martinov, nom. cons.
Mayacaceae Kunth, nom. cons.
Thurniaceae Engl., nom. cons.
Juncaceae Juss., nom. cons.
Cyperaceae Juss., nom. cons.
Restionaceae R.Br., nom. cons. * (including Anarthriaceae D.W.Cutler & Airy Shaw, Centrolepidaceae Endl., nom. cons.)
Flagellariaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
Joinvilleaceae Toml. & A.C.Sm.
Ecdeiocoleaceae D.W.Cutler & Airy Shaw
Poaceae Barnhart, nom. cons. (= Gramineae Juss., nom. cons.)




= Probable sister of eudicots

=
Ceratophyllales Link
Ceratophyllaceae Gray, nom. cons.




= Eudicots

=
Ranunculales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
Eupteleaceae K.Wilh., nom. cons.
Papaveraceae Juss., nom. cons.
Circaeasteraceae Hutch., nom. cons.
Lardizabalaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
Menispermaceae Juss., nom. cons.
Berberidaceae Juss., nom. cons.
Ranunculaceae Juss., nom. cons.
Proteales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
Sabiaceae Blume, nom. cons.
Nelumbonaceae A.Rich., nom. cons.
Platanaceae T.Lestib., nom. cons.
Proteaceae Juss., nom. cons.
Trochodendrales Takht. ex Cronq.
Trochodendraceae Eichler, nom. cons.
Buxales Takht. ex Reveal
Buxaceae Dumort., nom. cons. * (including Haptanthaceae C.Nelson)




= Core eudicots

=
Gunnerales Takht. ex Reveal
Myrothamnaceae Nied., nom. cons.
Gunneraceae Meisn., nom. cons.
Dilleniales DC. ex Bercht. & J.Presl †
Dilleniaceae Salisb., nom. cons.




= Superrosids

=
Saxifragales Bercht. & J.Presl
Peridiscaceae Kuhlm., nom. cons.
Paeoniaceae Raf., nom. cons.
Altingiaceae Lindl., nom. cons.
Hamamelidaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
Cercidiphyllaceae Engl., nom. cons.
Daphniphyllaceae Müll.Arg., nom. cons.
Iteaceae J.Agardh, nom. cons.
Grossulariaceae DC., nom. cons.
Saxifragaceae Juss., nom. cons.
Crassulaceae J.St.-Hil., nom. cons.
Aphanopetalaceae Doweld
Tetracarpaeaceae Nakai
Penthoraceae Rydb. ex Britton, nom. cons.
Haloragaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
Cynomoriaceae Endl. ex Lindl., nom. cons.



Rosids

Vitales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
Vitaceae Juss., nom. cons.



= Fabids
=
Zygophyllales Link
Krameriaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
Zygophyllaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
Fabales Bromhead
Quillajaceae D.Don
Fabaceae Lindl., nom. cons. (= Leguminosae Juss., nom. cons.)
Surianaceae Arn., nom. cons.
Polygalaceae Hoffmanns. & Link, nom. cons.
Rosales Bercht. & J.Presl
Rosaceae Juss., nom. cons.
Barbeyaceae Rendle, nom. cons.
Dirachmaceae Hutch.
Elaeagnaceae Juss., nom. cons.
Rhamnaceae Juss., nom. cons.
Ulmaceae Mirb., nom. cons.
Cannabaceae Martinov, nom. cons.
Moraceae Gaudich., nom. cons.
Urticaceae Juss., nom. cons.
Fagales Engl.
Nothofagaceae Kuprian.
Fagaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
Myricaceae Rich. ex Kunth, nom. cons.
Juglandaceae DC. ex Perleb, nom. cons.
Casuarinaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
Ticodendraceae Gomez-Laur. & L.D.Gomez
Betulaceae Gray, nom. cons.
Cucurbitales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
Apodanthaceae Tiegh. ex Takht. *
Anisophylleaceae Ridl.
Corynocarpaceae Engl., nom. cons.
Coriariaceae DC., nom. cons.
Cucurbitaceae Juss., nom. cons.
Tetramelaceae Airy Shaw
Datiscaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
Begoniaceae C.Agardh, nom. cons.




COM clade; placement uncertain


Celastrales Link
Lepidobotryaceae J. Leonard, nom. cons.
Celastraceae R.Br., nom. cons.
Oxalidales Bercht. & J.Presl
Huaceae A.Chev.
Connaraceae R.Br., nom. cons.
Oxalidaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
Cunoniaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
Elaeocarpaceae Juss., nom. cons.
Cephalotaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
Brunelliaceae Engl., nom. cons.
Malpighiales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
Pandaceae Engl. & Gilg, nom. cons.
Irvingiaceae Exell & Mendonça, nom. cons. * (including Allantospermum Forman)
Ctenolophonaceae Exell & Mendonça
Rhizophoraceae Pers., nom. cons.
Erythroxylaceae Kunth, nom. cons.
Ochnaceae DC., nom. cons.
Bonnetiaceae L.Beauvis. ex Nakai
Clusiaceae Lindl., nom. cons. (= Guttiferae Juss., nom. cons.)
Calophyllaceae J.Agardh
Podostemaceae Rich. ex Kunth, nom. cons.
Hypericaceae Juss., nom. cons.
Caryocaraceae Voigt, nom. cons.
Lophopyxidaceae H.Pfeiff.
Putranjivaceae Meisn.
Centroplacaceae Doweld & Reveal
Elatinaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
Malpighiaceae Juss., nom. cons.
Balanopaceae Benth. & Hook.f., nom. cons.
Trigoniaceae A.Juss., nom. cons.
Dichapetalaceae Baill., nom. cons.
Euphroniaceae Marc.-Berti
Chrysobalanaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
Humiriaceae A.Juss., nom. cons.
Achariaceae Harms, nom. cons.
Violaceae Batsch, nom. cons.
Goupiaceae Miers
Passifloraceae Juss. ex Roussel, nom. cons.
Lacistemataceae Mart., nom. cons.
Salicaceae Mirb., nom. cons.
Peraceae Klotzsch *
Rafflesiaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
Euphorbiaceae Juss., nom. cons. *
Linaceae DC. ex Perleb, nom. cons.
Ixonanthaceae Planch. ex Miq., nom. cons. *
Picrodendraceae Small, nom. cons.
Phyllanthaceae Martinov, nom. cons.



= Malvids
=
Geraniales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
Geraniaceae Juss., nom. cons.
Francoaceae A.Juss., nom. cons. * (including Bersamaceae Doweld, Greyiaceae Hutch., nom. cons., Ledocarpaceae Meyen, Melianthaceae Horan., nom. cons., Rhynchothecaceae A.Juss., Vivianiaceae Klotzsch, nom. cons.)
Myrtales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
Combretaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
Lythraceae J.St.-Hil., nom. cons.
Onagraceae Juss., nom. cons.
Vochysiaceae A.St.-Hil., nom. cons.
Myrtaceae Juss., nom. cons.
Melastomataceae Juss., nom. cons.
Crypteroniaceae A.DC., nom. cons.
Alzateaceae S.A.Graham
Penaeaceae Sweet ex Guill., nom. cons.
Crossosomatales Takht. ex Reveal
Aphloiaceae Takht.
Geissolomataceae A.DC., nom. cons.
Strasburgeriaceae Tiegh., nom. cons.
Staphyleaceae Martinov, nom. cons.
Guamatelaceae S.H.Oh & D.Potter
Stachyuraceae J.Agardh, nom. cons.
Crossosomataceae Engl., nom. cons.
Picramniales Doweld
Picramniaceae Fernando & Quinn
Huerteales Doweld
Gerrardinaceae M.H.Alford
Petenaeaceae Christenh. et al. *
Tapisciaceae Takht.
Dipentodontaceae Merr., nom. cons.
Sapindales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
Biebersteiniaceae Schnizl.
Nitrariaceae Lindl.
Kirkiaceae Takht.
Burseraceae Kunth, nom. cons.
Anacardiaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
Sapindaceae Juss., nom. cons. (including Xanthocerataceae Buerki et al., as 'Xanthoceraceae')
Rutaceae Juss., nom. cons.
Simaroubaceae DC., nom. cons.
Meliaceae Juss., nom. cons.
Malvales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
Cytinaceae A.Rich.
Muntingiaceae C.Bayer et al.
Neuradaceae Kostel., nom. cons.
Malvaceae Juss., nom. cons.
Sphaerosepalaceae Bullock
Thymelaeaceae Juss., nom. cons.
Bixaceae Kunth, nom. cons.
Cistaceae Juss., nom. cons. * (including Pakaraimaea Maguire & P.S.Ashton)
Sarcolaenaceae Caruel, nom. cons.
Dipterocarpaceae Blume, nom. cons. *
Brassicales Bromhead
Akaniaceae Stapf, nom. cons.
Tropaeolaceae Juss. ex DC., nom. cons.
Moringaceae Martinov, nom. cons.
Caricaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
Limnanthaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
Setchellanthaceae Iltis
Koeberliniaceae Engl., nom. cons.
Bataceae Mart. ex Perleb, nom. cons.
Salvadoraceae Lindl., nom. cons.
Emblingiaceae Airy Shaw
Tovariaceae Pax, nom. cons.
Pentadiplandraceae Hutch. & Dalziel
Gyrostemonaceae A.Juss., nom. cons.
Resedaceae Martinov, nom. cons. * (including Borthwickiaceae J.X.Su et al., Stixidaceae Doweld as 'Stixaceae', Forchhammeria Liebm.)
Capparaceae Juss., nom. cons. *
Cleomaceae Bercht. & J.Presl
Brassicaceae Burnett, nom. cons. (= Cruciferae Juss., nom. cons.)




= Superasterids

=
Berberidopsidales Doweld
Aextoxicaceae Engl. & Gilg, nom. cons.
Berberidopsidaceae Takht.
Santalales R.Br. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
Olacaceae R.Br., nom. cons. (not monophyletic; including Aptandraceae Miers, Coulaceae Tiegh., Erythropalaceae Planch. ex Miq., nom. cons., Octoknemaceae Soler. nom. cons., Strombosiaceae Tiegh., Ximeniaceae Horan.)
Opiliaceae Valeton, nom. cons.
Balanophoraceae Rich., nom. cons.
Santalaceae R.Br., nom. cons. (not monophyletic if Balanophoraceae are embedded; including Amphorogynaceae Nickrent & Der, Cervantesiaceae Nickrent & Der, Comandraceae Nickrent & Der, Nanodeaceae Nickrent & Der, Thesiaceae Vest, Viscaceae Batsch)
Misodendraceae J.Agardh, nom. cons.
Schoepfiaceae Blume
Loranthaceae Juss., nom. cons.
Caryophyllales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
Frankeniaceae Desv., nom. cons.
Tamaricaceae Link, nom. cons.
Plumbaginaceae Juss., nom. cons.
Polygonaceae Juss., nom. cons.
Droseraceae Salisb., nom. cons.
Nepenthaceae Dumort, nom. cons.
Drosophyllaceae Chrtek et al.
Dioncophyllaceae Airy Shaw, nom. cons.
Ancistrocladaceae Planch. ex Walp., nom. cons.
Rhabdodendraceae Prance
Simmondsiaceae Tiegh.
Physenaceae Takht.
Asteropeiaceae Takht. ex Reveal & Hoogland
Macarthuriaceae Christenh. *
Microteaceae Schäferhoff & Borsch *
Caryophyllaceae Juss., nom. cons.
Achatocarpaceae Heimerl, nom. cons.
Amaranthaceae Juss., nom. cons.
Stegnospermataceae Nakai
Limeaceae Shipunov ex Reveal *
Lophiocarpaceae Doweld & Reveal
Kewaceae Christenh. *
Barbeuiaceae Nakai
Gisekiaceae Nakai
Aizoaceae Martinov, nom. cons.
Phytolaccaceae R.Br., nom. cons. *
Petiveriaceae C.Agardh * (including Rivinaceae C.Agardh)
Sarcobataceae Behnke
Nyctaginaceae Juss., nom. cons.
Molluginaceae Bartl., nom. cons. *
Montiaceae Raf.
Didiereaceae Radlk., nom. cons.
Basellaceae Raf., nom. cons.
Halophytaceae S.Soriano
Talinaceae Doweld
Portulacaceae Juss., nom. cons.
Anacampserotaceae Eggli & Nyffeler
Cactaceae Juss., nom. cons.



Asterids

Cornales Link
Nyssaceae Juss. ex Dumort., nom. cons.
Hydrostachyaceae Engl., nom. cons.
Hydrangeaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
Loasaceae Juss., nom. cons.
Curtisiaceae Takht.
Grubbiaceae Endl. ex Meisn., nom. cons.
Cornaceae Bercht. & J.Presl, nom. cons.
Ericales Bercht. & J.Presl
Balsaminaceae A.Rich., nom. cons.
Marcgraviaceae Bercht. & J.Presl, nom. cons.
Tetrameristaceae Hutch.
Fouquieriaceae DC., nom. cons.
Polemoniaceae Juss., nom. cons.
Lecythidaceae A.Rich., nom. cons.
Sladeniaceae Airy Shaw
Pentaphylacaceae Engl., nom. cons.
Sapotaceae Juss., nom. cons.
Ebenaceae Gürke, nom. cons.
Primulaceae Batsch ex Borkh., nom. cons.
Theaceae Mirb., nom. cons.
Symplocaceae Desf., nom. cons.
Diapensiaceae Lindl., nom. cons.
Styracaceae DC. & Spreng., nom. cons.
Sarraceniaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
Roridulaceae Martinov, nom. cons.
Actinidiaceae Gilg & Werderm., nom. cons.
Clethraceae Klotzsch, nom. cons.
Cyrillaceae Lindl., nom. cons.
Ericaceae Juss., nom. cons.
Mitrastemonaceae Makino, nom. cons. (placement in order unclear)



= Lamiids
=
Icacinales Tiegh. †
Oncothecaceae Kobuski ex Airy Shaw
Icacinaceae Miers, nom. cons. *
Metteniusales Takht. †
Metteniusaceae H.Karst. ex Schnizl. *
Garryales Mart.
Eucommiaceae Engl., nom. cons.
Garryaceae Lindl., nom. cons.
Gentianales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
Rubiaceae Juss., nom. cons.
Gentianaceae Juss., nom. cons.
Loganiaceae R.Br. ex Mart., nom. cons.
Gelsemiaceae L.Struwe & V.A.Albert * (including Pteleocarpaceae Brummitt)
Apocynaceae Juss., nom. cons.
Boraginales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl †
Boraginaceae Juss., nom. cons. (including Codonaceae Weigend & Hilger)
Vahliales Doweld †
Vahliaceae Dandy
Solanales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
Convolvulaceae Juss., nom. cons.
Solanaceae Juss., nom. cons.
Montiniaceae Nakai, nom. cons.
Sphenocleaceae T.Baskerv., nom. cons.
Hydroleaceae R.Br.
Lamiales Bromhead
Plocospermataceae Hutch.
Carlemanniaceae Airy Shaw
Oleaceae Hoffmanns. & Link, nom. cons.
Tetrachondraceae Wettst.
Calceolariaceae Olmstead
Gesneriaceae Rich. & Juss., nom. cons. * (the position of Peltanthera Benth. is problematic and here considered unplaced to family)
Plantaginaceae Juss., nom. cons.
Scrophulariaceae Juss., nom. cons.
Stilbaceae Kunth, nom. cons.
Linderniaceae Borsch et al.
Byblidaceae Domin, nom. cons.
Martyniaceae Horan., nom. cons.
Pedaliaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
Acanthaceae Juss., nom. cons.
Bignoniaceae Juss., nom. cons.
Lentibulariaceae Rich., nom. cons.
Schlegeliaceae Reveal
Thomandersiaceae Sreem.
Verbenaceae J.St.Hil., nom. cons.
Lamiaceae Martinov, nom. cons. (= Labiatae Juss., nom. cons.)
Mazaceae Reveal
Phrymaceae Schauer, nom. cons. *
Paulowniaceae Nakai
Orobanchaceae Vent., nom. cons. * (including Lindenbergiaceae Doweld, Rehmanniaceae Reveal)



= Campanulids
=
Aquifoliales Senft
Stemonuraceae Kårehed
Cardiopteridaceae Blume, nom. cons.
Phyllonomaceae Small
Helwingiaceae Decne.
Aquifoliaceae Bercht. & J.Presl, nom. cons.
Asterales Link
Rousseaceae DC.
Campanulaceae Juss., nom. cons.
Pentaphragmataceae J.Agardh, nom. cons.
Stylidiaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
Alseuosmiaceae Airy Shaw
Phellinaceae Takht.
Argophyllaceae Takht.
Menyanthaceae Dumort., nom. cons.
Goodeniaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
Calyceraceae R.Br. ex Rich., nom. cons.
Asteraceae Bercht. & J.Presl, nom. cons. (= Compositae Giseke, nom. cons.)
Escalloniales Link
Escalloniaceae R.Br. ex Dumort., nom. cons.
Bruniales Dumort.
Columelliaceae D.Don, nom. cons.
Bruniaceae R.Br. ex DC., nom. cons.
Paracryphiales Takht. ex Reveal
Paracryphiaceae Airy Shaw
Dipsacales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
Adoxaceae E.Mey., nom. cons. (= Viburnaceae Raf., nom. cons. prop.)
Caprifoliaceae Juss., nom. cons.
Apiales Nakai
Pennantiaceae J.Agardh
Torricelliaceae Hu
Griseliniaceae Takht., nom. cons. prop.
Pittosporaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
Araliaceae Juss., nom. cons.
Myodocarpaceae Doweld
Apiaceae Lindl., nom. cons. (= Umbelliferae Juss., nom. cons.)




Phylogeny


Like the earlier APG systems, the APG IV revision is based on a phylogenetic tree for the angiosperms, as shown below.






References






Bibliography

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