• Source: Aphidiinae

The Aphidiinae are a subfamily of tiny parasitoid wasps that use aphids as their hosts. Several species have been used in biological control programs of various aphids.




Biology and distribution


Aphidiines are koinobiont endoparasitoids of adult and immature aphids. While the larva of the 2–3 mm long Praon leaves the hollowed shell of the aphid from below to pupate in a volcano-like cocoon, most other Aphidiinae pupate inside the dead aphid and break out afterwards.
These wasps are found worldwide, but are primarily found in the northern hemisphere. Several species have been introduced to countries outside of their natural range, both accidentally and purposefully for biocontrol.




Systematics


Although they have often been treated as a separate family, the Aphidiidae, the Aphidiinae are a lineage within the Braconidae. It is not yet clear to which braconid subfamilies they are most closely related.

The Aphidiinae are subdivided into several tribes, the Ephedrini, Praini, Trioxini, Aclitini, and Aphidiini, with the latter subdivided into three subtribes. Most species reside in the Aphidiini. The Praini's loss of internal pupation is likely to be secondary.
There are ~400 spp. in ~50 genera worldwide.




Genera



Ephedrini

Ephedrus
Toxares
Praini

Praon
Dyscritulus
Harkeria
Areopraon
Trioxini

Trioxys
Binodoxys
Monoctonus
Monoctonia
Lipolexis
Parabioxys
Bioxys
Aclitini

Aclitus
Aphidiini

Aphidius
Diaeretiella
Diaeretus
Diaeretellus
Lysaphidus
Lysiphlebia
Paralipsis
Pauesia
Protaphidius
Pseudopauesia
Adialytus
Lysiphlebus
Xenostigmus




See also


Aphidius nigripes




Footnotes






References


Belshaw, R. & Quicke, D.L.J. (1997): A Molecular Phylogeny of the Aphidiinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 7(3): 281-293. Abstract
Shi, Min & Chen, Xue-Xin (2005): Molecular phylogeny of the Aphidiinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) based on DNA sequences of 16S rRNA, 18S rDNA and ATPase 6 genes. Eur. J. Entomol. 102: 133-138. PDF
Žikić, V., Ilić, M., Stanković, S., Petrović, A., Petrović-Obradović, O., Kavallieratos, N. G., Starý, P., and Tomanović, Ž. (2012): Aphidiinae (Braconidae: Hymenoptera) of Serbia and Montenegro – tritrophic interactions. Acta Entomologica Serbica 17(1/2): 83-105. [1]




External links



BugGuide.net: Information and Pictures of Aphidiinae
Cedar Creek: Picture of a Praon sp.
brown citrus aphid parasitoid, Lipolexis scutellaris on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Aphidiinae
• Braconidae
• Aphidius
• Aphid
• Ichneumonidae
• Parasitoid
• Parasitoid wasp
• Diaeretiella rapae
• Aphis nerii
• Aphis gossypii