• Source: Arctostaphylos

Arctostaphylos (; from ἄρκτος árktos "bear" and σταφυλή staphulḗ "bunch of grapes") is a genus of plants comprising the manzanitas () and bearberries. There are about 60 species of Arctostaphylos, ranging from ground-hugging arctic, coastal, and mountain shrub to small trees up to 6 m (20 ft) tall. Most are evergreen (one species deciduous), with small oval leaves 1–7 cm (0.4–3 in) long, arranged spirally on the stems. The flowers are bell-shaped, white or pale pink, and borne in small clusters of 2–20 together; flowering is in the spring. The fruit are small berries, ripening in the summer or autumn. The berries of some species are edible.
Arctostaphylos species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Coleophora arctostaphyli (which feeds exclusively on A. uva-ursi) and Coleophora glaucella.




Distribution



Manzanitas, the bulk of Arctostaphylos species, are present in the chaparral biome of western North America, where they occur from southern British Columbia in Canada, Washington to California and New Mexico in the United States, and throughout much of northern and central Mexico.
One species, however, A. uva-ursi (common bearberry), is adapted to arctic and subarctic climates and has a circumpolar distribution in northern North America, Asia and Europe.
An unusual association of manzanita occurs on Hood Mountain, in Sonoma County, California, where stands of pygmy forest dominated by Mendocino cypress are found.




Fossil record


One fossil fruit of †Arctostaphylos globula and several fossil fruits of †Arctostaphylos menzelii have been described from middle Miocene strata of the Fasterholt area near Silkeborg in Central Jutland, Denmark.




Cultivation


Cultivation is generally difficult due to fungal diseases, and often salinity and alkalinity. Overhead watering should be avoided in hot weather. Some cultivars are easier to grow.




Taxonomy


The following species are recognised in the genus Arctostaphylos:




= Ranges

=
Subgenus Micrococcus
Sect. Micrococcus

Subgenus Arctostaphylos, which has three sections:
Sect. Arctostaphylos

Sect. Foliobracteata

Sect. Pictobracteata

Unassigned

See also the closely related genus Comarostaphylis, previously often included in Arctostaphylos.




References






Further reading


Hickman, James C. (1993), The Jepson Manual: higher plants of California, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-082559
Hogan, C. Michael (2012), "Arctostaphylos", in McGinley, M.; C. J. Cleveland (eds.), Encyclopedia of Earth, National Council for Science and the Environment
Treatment from the Jepson Manual
Wells, Philip V. (2000), Manzanitas of California, Lawrence, Kansas: University of Kansas, Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, ISBN 0-933994-22-2
Wells, Philip V. (1992). "Subgenera and sections of Arctostaphylos". The Four Seasons. 9: 64–69.




External links


Jepson Manual Treatment

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Buah buni
• Hutan gugur Euxine-Colchic
• Daftar tumbuhan madu
• Mentigi
• Daftar genus tanaman dalam famili Ericaceae
• Arctostaphylos
• Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
• Bearberry
• Arctostaphylos pringlei
• Arbutus
• Arctostaphylos pungens
• Vaccinium arctostaphylos
• Arbutus unedo
• Arctostaphylos nevadensis
• Arctostaphylos glauca