• Source: Bebek hawaii

Bebek Hawaii (Anas wyvilliana) atau koloa adalah spesies unggas dalam famili Anatidae (itik dan bebek). Bebek ini merupakan hewan endemik di pulau-pulau besar Hawaii. Secara taksonomis, koloa berkerabat dekat dengan itik melewar (A. platyrhynchos). Namun bebek ini memiliki beberapa pembeda, bulu bebek Hawaii monokromatik (jantan dan betina berpola warna sama) serta tidak bermigrasi. Seperti banyak spesies bebek dalam genus Anas, bebek Hawaii dapat kawin silang dengan itik melewar serta menghasilkan keturunan, koloa sebelumnya dianggap sebagai subspesies dari itik melewar. Namun, para ahli sekarang menganggap hewan ini sebagai spesies berbeda yang berkerabat dengan itik melewar. Analisis terbaru menunjukkan bahwa bebek ini adalah spesies berbeda yang muncul melalui persilangan purba antara itik melwar dengan bebek laysan (Anas laysanensis). Nama lokal Hawaii untuk bebek ini adalah koloa maoli (bermakna "bebek asli"), atau koloa. Spesies ini terdaftar sebagai terancam punah dalam Daftar Merah IUCN, dan populasinya terus menurun.




Referensi


U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2011. Recovery Plan for Hawaiian Waterbirds, Second Revision. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, Oregon. xx + 233 pp. http://www.fws.gov/pacificislands/CH_Rules/Hawaiian%20Waterbirds%20RP%202nd%20Revision.pdf Diarsipkan 2015-09-24 di Wayback Machine.
J. Michael, Reed, et al. "Long-Term Persistence of Hawaii’s Endangered Avifauna through Conservation-Reliant Management." BioScience 2012: 881. JSTOR Journals. Web
Uyehara, Kimberly J., Engilis, Andrew, Jr., and Reynolds, Michelle, 2007, Hawaiian Duck's future threatened by feral mallards: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2007-3047 http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2007/3047/
“Endangered Species in the Pacific Islands.” Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 20 Sep. 2012. Web. 22 Oct. 2014. http://www.fws.gov/pacificislands/fauna/HIduck.html
BirdLife International (2014) Species factsheet: Anas wyvilliana. Retrieved from http://www.birdlife.org on 22/10/2014. http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=436 Diarsipkan 2015-05-27 di Wayback Machine.
http://eol.org/pages/1048962/details#reproduction
Uyehara, Kimberly J., Andrew Engilis Jr., and Bruce D. Dugger. "Wetland Features That Influence Occupancy By The Endangered Hawaiian Duck." Wilson Journal of Ornithology 120.2 (2008): 311–319. Academic Search Premier. Web. 23 Oct. 2014.
Endangered Hawaiian Duck | The Molokai Dispatch. (2008, January 13). Retrieved October 23, 2014, from themolokaidispatch
Hawaiian Duck. (2011, November 9). Retrieved October 23, 2014, from http://www.planetofbirds.com/anseriformes-anatidae-hawaiian-duck-anas-wyvilliana
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (2005) Draft revised recovery plan for Hawaiian waterbirds, 2nd draft of the 2nd revision. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, Oregon. p 155
Fowler, AC; Eadie, JM; Engilis, A (2009). "Identification of endangered Hawaiian ducks (Anas wyvilliana), introduced North American Mallards (A. platyrhynchos) and their hybrids using multilocus genotypes". Conserv Genet. 10 (6): 1747–1758. doi:10.1007/s10592-008-9778-8.
Todd, F. S. 1996. Natural history of the waterfowl. Ibis Publishing Company, Vista, CA, U.S.A.
BROWNE, R. A., C. R. GRIM IN. P R. CHANC;. M. HUBLEY, AND A. E. MARTIN. 1993. Genetic divergence among populations of the Hawaiian Duck. Laysan Duck, and Mallard. Auk 110:49-^6.
ENGILIS JR.. A. AND T. K. PRATT. 1993. Status and population trends of Hawaii's native waterbirds. 1977–1987. Wilson Bulleiin 105:142-158
ENGILIS JR.. A.. K. J. UYI:HARA, AND J. G. GIFUN. 2002. Hawaiian Duck [Anas wyvitlianu). The birds of North America. Nuiiiber 694.
RHYMER, J. M. 2001. Evolutionary relationships and conservation of the Hawaiian anatids. Studies in Avian Biology 22:61—67
Griffin, C. R.; Shallenberger, F. J. & Fefer, S. I. (1989): Hawaii's endangered waterbirds: a resource management challenge. In: Sharitz, R. R. & Gibbons, I. W. (eds.): Proceedings of Freshwater Wetlands and Wildlife Symposium: 155–169. Savannah River Ecology Lab, Aiken, South Carolina.
Hawaii Audubon Society (2005): Hawaii's Birds (6th edition). ISBN 1-889708-00-3
Rhymer, Judith M. & Simberloff, Daniel (1996): Extinction by hybridization and introgression. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 27: 83-109. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.27.1.83 (HTML abstract)

[3] "Recovery Plan For Hawaiian Waterbirds Second Revision" (Anas Laysanensis)." (2009): ArchiveGrid. Web. 23 Oct. 2014.

[6] Plan, Hawaiian Bird Conservation Action. Focal Species: Hawaiian Duck or Koloa Maoli (Anas Wyvilliana) (n.d.): n. pag. Web.
[7] Draft Revised Recovery Plan for Hawaiian Waterbirds. Portland, Or.: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2005. Web.




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BirdLife Species Factsheet
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[2] Diarsipkan 2012-03-18 di Wayback Machine.
[3] Diarsipkan 2015-09-24 di Wayback Machine.
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[6] Diarsipkan 2016-03-04 di Wayback Machine.

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