- Source: Bhagavadajjukam
The Bhagavadajjukam (Sanskrit; translated as The Ascetic and the Courtesan or The Hermit and the Harlot) is a Sanskrit farce composed in the 7th century CE, usually attributed to Bodhayana. However, inscriptional and scholarly evidence indicate that the play was written by the Pallava king Mahendravarman I, who also wrote a prominent farce known as the Mattavilasa Prahasana. It is one of the two earliest surviving examples of a satirical play (or prahasana, one of the ten types of plays described in the treatise Natya Shastra) in Sanskrit literature. Featuring witty exchanges, an episode about the transmigration of souls and a discussion on Hindu dharma, the comical play was intended to mock the doctrines of Buddhism, whose rise at the time presented a challenge to the dominance of Hinduism in India.
Characters
Parivrajaka – monk or master
Shandilya – disciple
Vasantsena – courtesan
Ramilaka – courtesan's lover
Vidushaka – jester
A quack doctor
Yamaduta, messenger of the lord of death, Yamaraja
Synopsis
The play opens with a discussion on Hindu dharma between a master and a disciple, whose attention is drifting towards a woman in the nearby garden. As the discussion goes on, the woman is bitten by a snake and falls dead – an act that deeply affects the disciple. To demonstrate his yogic power, the master transfers the disciple's soul into the woman's body, who then rises and continues the philosophical discussion.
Translations
The play had been largely forgotten until the 20th century except in Kerala where it had been part of the traditional Sanskrit theater form known as Koodiyattam. After it became more widely known in the 20th century, it was translated into Telugu in 1924 by Veturi Prabhakara Sastri, who then got it published in the Devanagri script through Vavilla Press in 1925. In 1932, the play was translated into Italian, L'asceta transmutato in etèra, by the Indologist Ferdinando Belloni-Filippi. The first English translation of the play was published by the Dutch Indologist J. A. B. van Buitenen in the journal Mahfil (now Journal of South Asian Literature) in 1971 with the title The Hermit and the Harlot.
Performance history
In 1967, the play was directed in Hindi by Shanta Gandhi at the National School of Drama. It has often been adapted to be performed as Koodiyattam, a traditional performing art of Kerala. The play continues to be performed in many regional Indian languages. In 2011, Kavalam Narayana Panicker directed the play at the Ernakulam Town Hall in Kochi. Other recent productions were held in 2013, 2015, 2016, 2019, 2020.
References
Bibliography
Datta, Amaresh (1987). Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Volume 1. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 9788126018031.
Hardy, Friedhelm (2005). The Religious Culture of India: Power, Love and Wisdom. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521023443.
Liu, Siyuan, ed. (2016). Routledge Handbook of Asian Theatre. Routledge. ISBN 9781317278863.
Dharwadker, Aparna Bhargava (2009). Theatres of independence: drama, theory, and urban performance in India since 1947. University of Iowa Press. ISBN 9781587296420.
Monius, Anne (2001). Imagining a Place for Buddhism: Literary Culture and Religious Community in Tamil-Speaking South India. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198032069.