• Source: Black Madonna

The term Black Madonna or Black Virgin tends to refer to statues or paintings in Western Christendom of the Blessed Virgin Mary and the Infant Jesus, where both figures are depicted with dark skin. Examples of the Black Madonna can be found both in Catholic and Orthodox countries.
The paintings are usually icons, which are Byzantine in origin or style, some of which were produced in 13th or 14th-century Italy. Other examples from the Middle East, Caucasus or Africa, mainly Egypt and Ethiopia, are even older. Statues are often made of wood but are occasionally made of stone, painted, and up to 75 cm (30 in) tall. They fall into two main groups: free-standing upright figures or seated figures on a throne. About 400–500 Black Madonnas have been recorded in Europe, with the number related to how they are classified. There are at least 180 Vierges Noires in Southern France alone. There are hundreds of copies made since the medieval era. Some are displayed in museums, but most are in churches or shrines and are venerated by believers. Some are associated with miracles and attract substantial numbers of pilgrims.
Black Madonnas come in different forms. Speculations behind the basis of the dark hue of each individual icon or statue vary greatly and some have been controversial. Explanations range from Madonnas made from dark wood, or Madonnas that have turned darker over time, due to factors such as aging or candle smoke, to a study by Jungian scholar Ean Begg into the potential pagan origins of the cult of the black Madonna and child.
Another suggestion is that dark-skinned representations of pre-Christian deities were re-envisioned as the Madonna and child.




Studies and research


Research into the Black Madonna phenomenon is limited. Begg links the refrain from the Song of Solomon, ‘I am black, and I am beautiful’ to the Queen of Sheba. Recently, however, interest in this subject has gathered more momentum.
Important early studies of dark-skinned holy images in France were by Camille Flammarion (1888), Marie Durand-Lefebvre (1937), Emile Saillens (1945), and Jacques Huynen (1972).
The first notable study in English of the origin and meaning of the Black Madonnas appears to have been presented by Leonard Moss at a meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science on December 28, 1952. Moss divided the images into three categories: (1) dark brown or black Madonnas with physiognomy and skin pigmentation matching that of the indigenous population; (2) various art forms that have turned black as a result of certain physical factors such as deterioration of lead-based pigments, accumulated smoke from the use of votive candles, and accumulation of grime over the ages, and (3) miracle-worker Madonnas, the focus of the study, Black Madonnas found in areas of a Roman legion and, therefore, not a reflection of the current population's skin colour.
In the cathedral at Chartres, there were two Black Madonnas: Notre Dame de Pilar, a 1508 dark walnut copy of a 13th-century silver Madonna, standing atop a high pillar, surrounded by candles; and Notre Dame de Sous-Terre, a replica of an original destroyed during the French Revolution. Restoration work on the cathedral resulted in the painting in 2014 of Notre Dame de Pilar, to reflect an earlier 19th-century painted style. The statue is no longer a "Black Madonna" and the restoration was severely criticized for wiping away the past.
Some scholars have chosen to explore the significance of the dark-skinned complexion to pilgrims and worshippers rather than focusing on whether this depiction was intentional. By virtue of their unusual presence, the Black Madonnas have sometimes acted to make their shrines revered pilgrimage sites. Monique Scheer attributes the importance of the dark-skinned depiction to its connection with authenticity. The reason for this connection is the perceived age of the figures.




List of Black Madonnas






= Africa

=
Algeria, Algiers: "Our Lady of Africa"
Côte d’Ivoire, Yamoussoukro: Madonna and child inside Basilica of Our Lady of Peace.
Senegal, Popenguine: "Notre-Dame de la Délivrance"
South Africa, Soweto: "The Black Madonna"




= Asia

=



Japan


Tsuruoka city, Yamagata prefecture: Tsuruoka Tenshudô Catholic Church features a black Madonna statue given by France during Meiji period



The Philippines


Antipolo, Rizal: Nuestra Señora de la Paz y Buen Viaje de Antipolo (Our Lady of Peace and Good Voyage of Antipolo)
Ermita, City of Manila: Nuestra Señora de Guía (Our Lady of Guidance)
Santa Ana, City of Manila: Nuestra Señora de los Desamparados (Our Lady of the Abandoned)
Parañaque: Nuestra Señora del Buen Suceso (Our Lady of the Good Event)
Lapu-Lapu City: Nuestra Señora de Regla (Our Lady of the Rule)
Naga, Camarines Sur: Nuestra Señora de Peñafrancia (Our Lady of Peñafrancia)
Piat, Cagayan: Nuestra Señora de la Visitación de Piat (Our Lady of Piat)
Joroan, Tiwi, Albay: Nuestra Señora de la Salvación (Our Lady of Salvation)



India

Dhori Mata
Korvi Mata, Dediapada, Gujarat



Turkey

Trabzon: Sümela Monastery




= Europe

=



Austria

Lavanttal, Carinthia, Austria: St. Andrä im Lavanttal „Schwarze Madonna von Loreto" Basilica Maria Loreto



Belgium

Brugge, "Our Lady of Regla"
Brussels: "De Zwerte Lieve Vrouwe", St. Catherine Church
Halle (Flemish Brabant) : Sint-Martinusbasiliek
Liège: La Vierge Noire d'Outremeuse,
Lier: Onze Lieve Vrouw ter Gratiën
Scherpenheuvel-Zichem: Our Lady of Scherpenheuvel
Tournai: Our Lady of Flanders in Tournai Cathedral
Verviers: "Black Virgin of the Recollects", Notre-Dame des Récollets Church,
Walcourt: (Notre-Dame de Walcourt)



Croatia

Marija Bistrica: Our Lady of Bistrica, Queen of Croatia



Czech Republic

Brno: Assumption of Virgin Mary Minor Basilica, St Thomas's Abbey, Brno
Prague: The Madonna of Breznice; The Black Madonna in The Church of Our Lady Under the Chain (Kostel Panny Marie pod řetězem) The Black Madonna on the House of the Black Madonna.
TROJA CHATEAU chapel- original "Montserrat Madonna" from Old Town Byzantine building (pg.100 of Martin Krummholz ISBN 978-80-7010-131-5)



France


Aix-en-Provence, (Bouches-du-Rhône): Notre-Dame des Graces, Cathédrale Saint-Sauveur d'Aix
Arconsat: (Notre-Dame des Champs)
Aurillac, (Cantal): Notre-Dame des Neiges
Beaune: Our Lady of Beaune
Besançon: Our Lady de Gray
Besse-et-Saint-Anastaise, (Puy-de-Dôme): Saint-André Church, Notre-Dame de Vassivière
Bourg-en-Bresse, (Ain): 13th century
Chartres, (Eure-et-Loir): crypt of the Cathedral of Chartres, Notre-Dame-de-Sous-Terre
Clermont-Ferrand, (Puy-de-Dôme)
Cusset: the Black Virgin of Cusset
Dijon, (Côte-d'Or): Church of Notre-Dame of Dijon
Douvres-la-Délivrande, Basilique Notre-Dame de la Délivrande, "Notre-Dame de la Délivrande"
Dunkerque, (Nord) : Chapelle des Dunes
Guingamp, (Côtes-d'Armor): Basilica of Notre Dame de Bon Secours.
La Chapelle-Geneste, (Haute-Loire: Notre Dame de La Chapelle Geneste
Laon, (Aisne): Notre-Dame Cathedral, statue of 1848
Le Havre,(Seine-Maritime): statue near the Graville Abbey (Abbaye de Graville)
Le Puy-en-Velay: In 1254 when passing through on his return from the Holy Land Saint Louis IX of France gave the cathedral an ebony image of the Blessed Virgin clothed in gold brocade (Notre-Dame du Puy). It was destroyed during the Revolution, but replaced at the Restoration with a copy that continues to be venerated.
Liesse-Notre-Dame, (Aisne): Notre-Dame de Liesse, statue destroyed in 1793, copy of 1857
Marseille, (Bouches-du-Rhône): Notre-Dame-de-Confession, Abbey of St. Victor; Notre-Dame d'Huveaune, Saint-Giniez Church
Mauriac, Cantal: Notre Dame des Miracles
Mende, (Lozère) : Cathedral (Basilique-cathédrale Notre-Dame-et-Saint-Privat de Mende)
Menton, (Alpes-Maritimes): St. Michel Church
Meymac, (Corrèze): Meymac Abbey
Molompize: Notre-Dame de Vauclair
Mont-Saint-Michel: Notre-Dame du Mont-Tombe
Myans, (Savoie): Sanctuaire Notre-Dame de Myans
Paris, (Neuilly-sur-Seine): Notre-Dame de Bonne Délivrance, in the motherhouse of the Sisters of St. Thomas of Villanova
Quimper, (Finistère): Eglise de Guéodet, nommée encore Notre-Dame-de-la-Cité
Riom, (Puy-de-Dôme): Notre-Dame du Marthuret
Rocamadour, (Lot): Our Lady of Rocamadour
Sainte Marie (Réunion) : Black Virgin of the Rains River
Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer (Camarque) Avignon: Annual Roma pilgrimage and festival celebrating Sara, the patron saint of the Roma
Soissons (Aisne): statue of the 12th century
Tarascon, (Bouches-du-Rhône): Notre-Dame du Château
Thuret, (Puy-de-Dôme)
Toulouse: The basilica Notre-Dame de la Daurade in Toulouse, France had housed the shrine of a Black Madonna. The original icon was stolen in the fifteenth century, and its first replacement was burned by Revolutionaries in 1799 on the Place du Capitole. The icon presented today is an 1807 copy of the fifteenth century Madonna. Blackened by the hosts of candles, the second Madonna was known from the sixteenth century as Our Lady La Noire
Tournemire, Château d'Anjony, Our Lady of Anjony
Vaison-la-Romaine, (Vaucluse): statue on a hill
Vichy, (Allier): Saint-Blaise Church



Germany


Altötting (Bavaria): Gnadenkapelle (Chapel of the Miraculous Image)
Beilstein (Rhineland-Palatinate): Karmeliterkirche St. Joseph
Bielefeld (North Rhine-Westphalia)
Düsseldorf-Benrath (North Rhine-Westphalia): Pfarrkirche St. Cäcilia
Hirschberg an der Bergstraße (Baden-Württemberg): Wallfahrtskirche St. Johannes Baptist
Schloss Hohenstein, Upper Franconia (Bavaria)
Köln (Nord Rhein Westfalen): St. Maria in der Kupfergasse
Ludwigshafen-Oggersheim (Rhineland-Palatinate): Schloss- und Wallfahrtskirche Mariä Himmelfahrt (Ludwigshafen)
Mainau (Baden-Württemberg): Schlosskirche St. Marien
Munich (Bavaria): Theatine Church; St. Boniface's Abbey
Rastatt (Baden-Württemberg): Einsiedelner Kapelle
Regensburg (Bavaria): Regensburg Cathedral
Remagen (Rhineland-Palatinate): Kapelle Schwarze Madonna
Spabrücken (Rhineland-Palatinate)
Stetten ob Lontal, Niederstotzingen (Baden-Württemberg)
Windhausen in Boppard-Herschwiesen (Rhineland-Palatinate)
Wipperfürth (North Rhine-Westphalia): St. Johannes, Kreuzberg
Wuppertal-Beyenburg (North Rhine-Westphalia)



Greece

Hidden church of the Black Madonna, Vamos, Crete



Hungary


Cathedral Basilica of Eger: Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception



Ireland

Dublin (Leinster): Our Lady of Dublin in Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church



Italy


Biella (Piedmont): Black Virgin of Oropa, sanctuary of Oropa
Canneto Valley near Settefrati (Lazio): Madonna di Canneto
Casale Monferrato (Piedmont): Our Lady of Crea. In the hillside Sanctuary at Crea (Santuario di Crea), a cedar-wood figure, said to be one of three Black Virgins brought to Italy from the Holy Land c. 345 by St. Eusebius.
Castelmonte, Prepotto (Friuli-Venezia Giulia)
Gubbio, Italy: The Niger-Regin square, discovered carved in the cave of Sibilla Eugubina on Mount Ingino, is considered to be a word square form of the "Black Queen". Seemingly of Neo-Templar origin, it is dated between 1600–1800 CE, was discovered in 2003, and destroyed by vandalism in 2012.
Loreto (Marche): Basilica della Santa Casa
Montevergine (Campania): Mamma Schiavona (lit. "Slave Mamma") located at Sanctuary of Montevergine
Naples (Campania): Santuario-Basilica SS Carmine Maggiore
Pescasseroli (Abruzzo): Madonna di Monte Tranquillo
Positano (Campania): Located in the church of Santa Maria Assunta, the story of how it got there—sailors shouting "Posa, posa!" ("Put it down, put it down!")—gave the town its name.
San Severo (Apulia): "La Madonna del Soccorso" (The Madonna of Succor), St. Severinus Abbot and Saint Severus Bishop Faeto. Statue in gold garments, object of a major three-day festival that attracts over 350,000 people to this small town.
Seminara (Calabria): Maria Santissima dei poveri
Tindari (Sicily): Our Lady of Tindari
Torre Annunziata (Campania): Madonna della Neve
Venice (Veneto): Madonna della Salute, Santa Maria della Salute
Viggiano (Basilicata): Santuario Madonna del Sacro Monte



Kosovo

Vitina-Letnica: Church of the Black Madonna, where Mother Teresa is believed to have heard her calling.



Lithuania


Aušros vartai: Our Lady of the Gate of Dawn
Our Lady of Šiluva: Our Lady of the Pine Woods



Luxembourg

Esch-sur-Sûre
Luxembourg: Luxembourg-Grund
Luxembourg: St. John's Church



Macedonia

Kališta, Monastery: Madonna icon in the Nativity of Our Most Holy Mother of God church
Ohrid, Church: Madonna with the child



Malta

Ħamrun: Our Lady of Atoċja, a medieval painting brought to Malta by a merchant in the year 1630, depicting a statue found in Atocha, a parish in Madrid, Spain, and widely known as Il-Madonna tas-Samra. (This can mean 'tanned Madonna', 'brown Madonna', or 'Madonna of Samaria'.)



Poland


Częstochowa: Our Lady of Czestochowa
In the United States, the National Shrine of Our Lady of Czestochowa, in Doylestown, Pennsylvania houses a reproduction of the Black Madonna of Częstochowa. A second shrine to Our Lady of Częstochowa is located near Eureka, Missouri.
In Israel there are two reproductions of the Black Madonna of Częstochowa: One in St. Peter's Church in Tel Aviv, and another in the Abbey of the Dormition in Jerusalem.
Głogówek: Our Lady of Loretto



Portugal

Nazaré (Oeste Subregion): Sanctuary of Our Lady of Nazaré; see: the legend of Nazaré



Romania

Ghighiu: Maica Domnului Siriaca – Manastirea Ghighiu
Cacica: Madona Neagra – Biserica Cacica
Bucuresti: Madona Neagra – Biserica Dichiu



Russia

Kostroma (Kostroma Oblast): Theotokos of St. Theodore also known as Our Lady of St. Theodore (Федоровская Богоматерь), in Theophany Monastery
Our Lady of Wladimir, from the 12th century
Black Virgin of Taganrog, Taganrog Old Cemetery



Serbia

Apatin (Vojvodina): Blessed Virgin Mary Catholic Church



Slovenia

Koprivna, Črna na Koroškem: St. Anne's Church, Koprivna – the altar of Black Madonna



Spain


Andújar (Province of Jaén): Nuestra Señora de la Cabeza (Our Lady of Cabeza), named after the mountain, Cerro de la Cabeza or Cerro de Cabezo.
Chipiona (Province of Cádiz): la Virgen de Regla or Nuestra Señora de Regla (Our Lady of Regla or the Virgin of Regla), considered by some as the custodian of the Rule of Saint Augustine
Coria (Province of Cáceres): Virgen de Argeme (Our Lady of Argeme)
El Puerto de Santa María (Province of Cádiz): Virgen de los Milagros (The Virgin of the Miracles)
Guadalupe (Province of Cáceres): Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe (Our Lady of Guadalupe, Extremadura)
Jerez de la Frontera (Province of Cádiz): Nuestra Señora de la Merced (Our Lady Of Mercy)
Madrid (Community of Madrid): Nuestra Señora de Atocha (Our Lady of Atocha)
Lluc, Majorca (Balearic Islands): Mare de Déu de Lluc (Our Lady of Lluc), Lluc Monastery
Monistrol de Montserrat (Catalonia): Mare de Déu de Montserrat (Virgin of Montserrat) or "La Moreneta" in the Benedictine abbey of Santa Maria de Montserrat
Ponferrada (Province of León): Virgen de la Encina (Our Lady of the Holm Oak)
Salamanca (Province of Salamanca): Virgen de la Peña de Francia (The Virgin of France's Rock, named after the local mountain called Peña de Francia)
Santiago de Compostela (Galicia): A replica of "La Moreneta"
Rianxo (Galicia): Virgen de Guadalupe
Tenerife (Canary Islands): Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria (Virgin of Candelaria), or "La Morenita"
Toledo (Province of Toledo): Virgen Morena (Dark Virgin), statue of La Esclavitud de Nuestra Señora del Sagrario in the Cathedral of Toledo (Catedral Primada de Santa María) (The Enslavement of Our Lady of the Tabernacle)
Torreciudad (Huesca): Our Lady of Torreciudad



Sweden

Lund Cathedral Attached to a marble pillar in the crypt: Black madonna with child
Skee Kyrka, Skee, Bohuslän former Norwegian province. Black madonna with beheaded child [1]



Switzerland

Einsiedeln (Canton of Schwyz): Our Lady of the Hermits
In the United States, a reproduction of Our Lady of the Hermits was gifted to the St. Meinrad Archabbey located in St. Meinrad, Indiana
Sonogno, Valle Verzasca (Canton of Ticino): Santa Maria Loretana
Uetikon upon Lake (Canton of Zürich): Catholic Church Saint Francis of Assisi
Metzerlen-Mariastein (Canton of Solothurn): Mariastein Abbey
Ascona (Canton of Ticino): Black Chapel
Lugano (Canton of Ticino): Chiesa di Santa Maria di Loreto



Ukraine

Tsarytsya Karpat (Hoshiv Monastery): The Queen of the Carpathian Land



United Kingdom

St. Mary Willesden (Our Lady of Willesden): The original Shrine of Our Lady of Willesden.
Our Lady of Częstochowa (Church of Our Lady of Czestochowa, Nottingham)




= North America

=



Costa Rica

Cartago, Cartago Province: Basílica de Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles (Our Lady of the Angels Basilica)



Cuba

Regla, Havana Province: Nuestra Señora de Regla (Spanish for Our Lady of Regla)



Mexico

Tepeyac, Mexico City: Our Lady of Guadalupe



Trinidad and Tobago

Siparia: La Divina Pastora
Gran Couva: Our Lady of Montserrat



United States

Pacific, Missouri: Black Madonna Shrine and Grottos
Doylestown, Pennsylvania: National Shrine of Our Lady of Czestochowa
Jersey City, New Jersey: Our Lady of Czestochowa
New York City, New York: Cathedral of St. John the Divine
New York City, New York: Church of St. Ignatius Loyola
Detroit, Michigan: Shrine of the Black Madonna Church
Chicago, Illinois: Monastery of the Holy Cross
Westport, Connecticut: [2] Church of the Assumption



Canada

Windsor, Ontario -Black Madonna chapel located at Italian banquet hall Ciociaro club.




= South America

=



Brazil


Aparecida, São Paulo: Our Lady of Aparecida or Our Lady Appeared (Nossa Senhora Aparecida or Nossa Senhora da Conceição Aparecida) in the Basilica of the National Shrine of Our Lady of Aparecida



Chile

Andacollo, Elqui Province: La Virgen Morena (Spanish for The Brunette Virgin)




See also


Black Nazarene
La virgen negra
Mariology
Sofia, Bulgaria




References






Sources


Channell, J., "Black Virgin Sites in France"
Rozett, Ella. "Index of Black Madonnas Worldwide", InterfaithMary.net Archived 2017-10-07 at the Wayback Machine




External links



List of Black Madonnas
The Black Virgin – Karen Ralls
Montserrat
Pilgrimage
Black Madonna gallery by Canon Jim Irvine, New Brunswick, Canada
The Black Madonna "The work of God"
Nuestra Señora de Atocha
Black Madonna Pilgrimage to Central France
Black Madonna photo collection on Flickr
Black Madonnas and other Mysteries of Mary – Ella Rozett
Sciorra, Joseph. "The Black Madonna of Thirteenth Street", Voices: The Journal of New York Folklore, Vol. 30, Spring-Summer 2004
Black Madonna in modern art - see Black Madonna by BystreetSky Artist https://web.archive.org/web/20180802193137/https://www.bystreetsky.com/bystreetsky-art?lightbox=dataItem-j74w6ola

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