- Source: Caballos Formation
The Caballos Formation (Spanish: Formación Caballos, KI) is a geological formation of the Upper Magdalena Valley (VSM), Caguán-Putumayo Basin, Central and Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The sandstone and shale formation dates to the Middle Cretaceous period; Aptian to Albian epochs and has a maximum thickness of 411 metres (1,348 ft).
Etymology
The formation was defined and named in 1967 by Corrigan after Cerro Caballos, to the west of Olaya Herrera, Tolima.
Description
= Lithologies
=The Caballos Formation has a maximum thickness of 411 metres (1,348 ft) in the Quebrada Bambucá and is characterized by a lower sequence of fine to coarse sandstones, of lithic arenite, quartz arenite and feldspar arenite composition, a middle section of fossiliferous black shales and siltstones, intercalated by micritic limestones and coals and very fine sandstones. The upper part of the formation contains conglomerates and glauconitic sandstones.
= Stratigraphy and depositional environment
=The Caballos Formation in some parts concordantly overlies the Yaví Formation and in other parts rests unconformably on the Saldaña Formation and Ibagué Batholith. The formation is overlain by the Hondita Formation. The age has been estimated to be Aptian to Albian. Stratigraphically, the formation is time equivalent with the Une, Aguardiente, Simijaca, El Peñón, Capotes, Tablazo, Tibú-Mercedes and Pacho Formations. The formation has been deposited in a fluvial to estuarine and shallow marine environment.
The Caballos Formation is a source, reservoir and seal rock in the Upper Magdalena Valley, and a source and reservoir rock in the Caguán-Putumayo Basin. The Orito and Moqueta Fields of the latter basin produce from Caballos reservoirs.
= Fossil content
=The formation has provided fossils of Heminautilus etheringtoni, Araucarites sp., Brachyphyllum sp., Cladophlebis sp., and Weichselia sp., as well as many types of pollen.
Outcrops
The Caballos Formation is apart from its type locality, found in Huila, Tolima and Putumayo Departments.
Regional correlations
Legend
group
important formation
fossiliferous formation
minor formation
(age in Ma)
proximal Llanos (Medina)
distal Llanos (Saltarin 1A well)
See also
List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Colombia
Geology of the Eastern Hills
Geology of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense
Notes
References
= Bibliography
=Badouin, Cyril; Delanoy, Gérard; Moreno Bedmar, Josep Antón; Pictet, Antoine; Vermeulen, Jean; Conte, Gabriel; Gonnet, Roland; Boselli, Patrick; Bonelli, Marc (2016), "Revision of the Early Cretaceous genera Heminautilus SPATH, 1927, and Josanautilus MARTÍNEZ & GRAUGES, 2006 (Nautilida, Cenoceratidae)" (PDF), Carnets Geologicás, 16 (5): 61–212, doi:10.4267/2042/58977, retrieved 2017-01-20
Barrero, Dario; Pardo, Andrés; Vargas, Carlos A.; Martínez, Juan F. (2007), Colombian Sedimentary Basins: Nomenclature, Boundaries and Petroleum Geology, a New Proposal, ANH, pp. 1–92
García González, Mario; Mier Umaña, Ricardo; Cruz Guevara, Luis Enrique; Vásquez, Mauricio (2009), Informe Ejecutivo - evaluación del potencial hidrocarburífero de las cuencas colombianas, Universidad Industrial de Santander, pp. 1–219
Monje Durán, Camila; Martínez, Camila; Escapa, Ignacio; Madriñán, Santiago (2016), "Nuevos registros de helechos y coníferas del Cretácico Inferior en la cuenca del Valle Superior del Magdalena, Colombia" (PDF), Boletín de Geología, Universidad Industrial de Santander, 38: 29–42, retrieved 2017-03-31
Núñez Tello, Alberto (2003), Cartografía geológica de las zonas Andina Sur y Garzón-Quetame (Colombia) - Memoria explicativa de las planchas 411 La Cruz, 412 San Juan de Villalobos, 430 Mocoa, 431 Piamonte, 448 Monopamba, 449 Orito y 465 Churuyaco, INGEOMINAS, pp. 1–298
Velandia P., Francisco; Núñez T., Alberto; Marquínez, Germán (2001), Mapa Geológico del Departamento del Huila - 1:300,000 - Memoria explicativa, INGEOMINAS, pp. 1–152
Villamil, Tomas (2012), Chronology Relative Sea Level History and a New Sequence Stratigraphic Model for Basinal Cretaceous Facies of Colombia, Society for Sedimentary Geology (SEPM), pp. 161–216
Maps
Marquínez, Germán; Velandia, Francisco (2001), Mapa Geológico del Huila 1:300,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-09-21
Fuquen, Jaime A.; Nuñez, Alberto (2003), Mapa Geológico del Putumayo 1:400,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-09-21
Acosta, Jorge E.; Guatame, Rafael; Torres, Oscar; Solano, Frank (1999), Plancha 245 - Girardot - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
Nuñez, Alberto; Mosquera, Dario; Vesga, Carlos J. (2009), Plancha 263 - Ortega - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
Calcedo, Juan Carlos; Terraza, Roberto (2000), Plancha 264 - Espinal - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
Acosta, Jorge; Calcedo, Juan Carlos; Ulloa, Carlos (1999), Plancha 265 - Icononzo - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
Carvajal, Cesar; Fuquen, Jaime; Gómez, Luis (1993), Plancha 282 - Chaparral - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
Cossio, Ubaldo; Rodríguez, Gabriel; Rodríguez, Miguel (1995), Plancha 283 - Purificación - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
Fuquen, Jaime; Rodríguez, Gabriel; Cossio, Ubaldo; Núñez, Alberto (1993), Plancha 302 - Aipe - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
Acosta, Jorge; Caro, Pablo; Fuquen, Jaime; Osorno, José (2002), Plancha 303 - Colombia - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1
Gómez, Jorge; Morales, Carlos; Marquínez, Germán; Velandia, Francisco (1999), Plancha 322 - Santa María - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
Ferreira, Paulina; Núñez, Alberto; Rodríguez, Miguel (1998), Plancha 323 - Neiva - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
Marquínez, Germán; Morales, C.; Núñez, Alberto (1999), Plancha 344 - Tesalia - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
Velandia, F.; Morales, C.J.; Caicedo, J.C.; Núñez, Alberto (1999), Plancha 345 - Campoalegre - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
Marquínez, Germán; Rodríguez, Yohana; Terraza, Roberto; Martínez, Mario (2003), Plancha 365 - Coconuco - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
Rodríguez, Gabriel; Ferreira, Paulina; Velandia, Francisco; Núñez, Alberto (1998), Plancha 366 - Garzón - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
Rodríguez, Gabriel; Zapata, Gilberto; Velázquez, M. (2003), Plancha 389 - Timaná - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
Núñez, Alberto; Gómez, Jorge (2002), Plancha 411 - La Cruz - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
Núñez, Alberto; Gómez, Jorge (2002), Plancha 412 - San Juan de Villalobos - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
Núñez, Alberto; Gómez, Jorge (2002), Plancha 430 - Mocoa - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
Núñez, Alberto; Gómez, Jorge (2002), Plancha 431 - Piamonte - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
Núñez, Alberto; Gómez, Jorge (2002), Plancha 448 - Monopamba - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
Núñez, Alberto; Gómez, Jorge (2002), Plancha 449 - Orito - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
Núñez, Alberto; Gómez, Jorge (2002), Plancha 465 - Churiyaco - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06