- Source: Chaetodon
Chaetodon is a tropical fish genus in the family Chaetodontidae. Like their relatives, they are known as "butterflyfish". This genus is by far the largest among the Chaetodontidae, with about 90 living species included here, though most might warrant recognition as distinct genera.
Species
There are currently 87 recognized species in this genus:
= Chaetodon sensu stricto
=Chaetodon capistratus Linnaeus, 1758 (Foureye butterflyfish)
Chaetodon ocellatus Bloch, 1787 (Spotfin butterflyfish)
Chaetodon striatus Linnaeus, 1758 (Banded butterflyfish)
= C. robustus group
=Chaetodon hoefleri Steindachner, 1881 (Four-banded butterflyfish)
Chaetodon robustus Günther, 1860 (Three-banded butterflyfish)
= Lepidochaetodon group
=Subgenus Exornator (including Burgessius, Heterochaetodon and possibly Rhombochaetodon; tentatively placed here)
Chaetodon citrinellus G. Cuvier, 1831 (Speckled butterflyfish, Citron butterflyfish)
Chaetodon dolosus C. G. E. Ahl, 1923 (African butterflyfish)
Chaetodon guentheri C. G. E. Ahl, 1923 (Crochet butterflyfish)
Chaetodon guttatissimus E. T. Bennett, 1833 (Peppered butterflyfish)
Chaetodon miliaris Quoy & Gaimard, 1825 (Millet butterflyfish)
Chaetodon multicinctus A. Garrett, 1863 (Pebbled butterflyfish)
Chaetodon pelewensis Kner, 1868 (Sunset butterflyfish)
Chaetodon punctatofasciatus G. Cuvier, 1831 (Spotband butterflyfish)
Chaetodon quadrimaculatus J. E. Gray, 1831 (Fourspot butterflyfish)
Chaetodon sedentarius Poey, 1860 (Reef butterflyfish)
Subgenus Lepidochaetodon (including Tifia)
Chaetodon daedalma D. S. Jordan & Fowler, 1902 (Wrought-iron butterflyfish) (tentatively placed here)
Chaetodon interruptus C. G. E. Ahl, 1923 (Yellow teardrop butterflyfish)
Chaetodon kleinii Bloch, 1790 (Sunburst butterflyfish, black-lipped butterflyfish, Klein's butterflyfish)
Chaetodon litus J. E. Randall & D. K. Caldwell, 1973 (Easter Island butterflyfish) (tentatively placed here)
Chaetodon nippon Steindachner & Döderlein (de), 1883 (Japanese butterflyfish) (tentatively placed here)
Chaetodon smithi J. E. Randall, 1975 (Smith's butterflyfish) (tentatively placed here)
Chaetodon trichrous Günther, 1874 (Tahiti butterflyfish)
Chaetodon unimaculatus Bloch, 1787 (Teardrop butterflyfish)
Subgenus Rhombochaetodon (including Roaops, might belong in Exornator; tentatively placed here)
Chaetodon argentatus H. M. Smith & Radcliffe, 1911 (Asian butterflyfish)
Chaetodon blackburnii Desjardins, 1836 (Brownburnie) (tentatively placed here)
Chaetodon burgessi G. R. Allen & Starck, 1973 (Burgess' butterflyfish)
Chaetodon declivis J. E. Randall, 1975 (Marquesas butterflyfish) (tentatively placed here)
Chaetodon flavocoronatus R. F. Myers, 1980 (Yellow-crowned butterflyfish) (tentatively placed here)
Chaetodon fremblii E. T. Bennett, 1828 (Blue-striped butterflyfish)
Chaetodon madagaskariensis C. G. E. Ahl, 1923 (Seychelles butterflyfish)
Chaetodon mertensii G. Cuvier, 1831 (Atoll butterflyfish)
Chaetodon mitratus Günther, 1860 (Indian butterflyfish) (tentatively placed here)
Chaetodon paucifasciatus C. G. E. Ahl, 1923 (Eritrean butterflyfish, Crown butterflyfish)
Chaetodon tinkeri L. P. Schultz, 1951 (Hawaiian butterflyfish) (tentatively placed here)
Chaetodon xanthurus Bleeker, 1857 (Pearlscale butterflyfish, Philippines chevron butterflyfish, yellow-tailed butterflyfish)
= Megaprotodon group
=Subgenus "Citharoedus" (tentatively placed here)
Chaetodon meyeri Bloch & J. G. Schneider, 1801 (Scrawled butterflyfish)
Chaetodon ornatissimus G. Cuvier, 1831 (Ornate butterflyfish)
Chaetodon reticulatus G. Cuvier, 1831 (Mailed butterflyfish)
Subgenus Corallochaetodon (tentatively placed here)
Chaetodon austriacus Rüppell, 1836 (Blacktail butterflyfish, exquisite butterflyfish)
Chaetodon lunulatus Quoy & Gaimard, 1825 (Oval butterflyfish, red-finned butterflyfish)
Chaetodon melapterus Guichenot, 1863 (Arabian butterflyfish) (tentatively placed here)
Chaetodon trifasciatus M. Park, 1797 (Melon butterflyfish)
Subgenus Discochaetodon
Chaetodon aureofasciatus W. J. Macleay, 1878 (Golden butterflyfish)
Chaetodon octofasciatus Bloch, 1787 (Eightband butterflyfish)
Chaetodon rainfordi McCulloch, 1923 (Rainford's butterflyfish)
Chaetodon tricinctus Waite, 1901 (Three-striped butterflyfish) (tentatively placed here)
Subgenus Gonochaetodon (tentatively placed here)
Chaetodon baronessa G. Cuvier, 1829 (Eastern triangle butterflyfish)
Chaetodon larvatus G. Cuvier, 1831 (Hooded butterflyfish)
Chaetodon triangulum G. Cuvier, 1831 (Triangle butterflyfish)
Subgenus Megaprotodon
Chaetodon trifascialis Quoy & Gaimard, 1825 (Chevron Butterflyfish, Triangulate butterflyfish, V-lined butterflyfish)
Subgenus Tetrachaetodon
Chaetodon andamanensis Kuiter & Debelius (de), 1999 (Andaman butterflyfish) (tentatively placed here)
Chaetodon bennetti G. Cuvier, 1831 (Bluelashed butterflyfish)
Chaetodon plebeius G. Cuvier, 1831 (Blue-blotched butterflyfish)
Chaetodon speculum G. Cuvier, 1831 (Mirror butterflyfish)
Chaetodon zanzibarensis Playfair (fr), 1867 (Zanzibar butterflyfish)
= Rabdophorus group
=Including Aspilurochaetodon, Chaetodontops
= Incertae sedis
=Most are probably either Chaetodon sensu stricto or C. robustus group.
Chaetodon assarius Waite, 1905 (West Australian butterflyfish)
Chaetodon dialeucos Salm & Mee, 1989 (Oman butterflyfish)
Chaetodon humeralis Günther, 1860
Chaetodon marleyi Regan, 1921 (Doublesash butterflyfish)
Chaetodon sanctaehelenae Günther, 1868 (Saint Helena butterflyfish)
Proposed subgenera
Several subgenera have been proposed for splitting out of this group. It is becoming clear how the genus might be split up, with a range of DNA sequence data in large parts agreeing with S.D. Blum's landmark 1988 phylogenetic assessment of osteology.
Basically, a core group around the type species Chaetodon capistratus would remain in Chaetodon, while maybe four clades would be split off. These could use the names Lepidochaetodon, Megaprotodon and Rabdophorus, and there is one unnamed group containing the three-banded butterflyfish (C. robustus) and its relatives. But the monophyly of the Lepidochaetodon group is not fully established; it is both unclear whether Rhombochaetodon is a lineage distinct from Exornator, and whether Lepidochaetodon is indeed closer to these than to any other Chaetodon, particularly to some lineages otherwise placed in Megaprotodon.
Prognathodes, for some time contained in Chaetodon, is worthy of recognition as full genus, as is Roa.
Historically, more distantly related fish were placed in Chaetodon too, for resembling them in details – e.g. the common scat Scatophagus argus, which has a similar shape and size, as well as armored larvae like the Chaetodontidae – or simply because they are colorful, smallish, and unusual-looking – e.g. the quite unrelated paradise fish, as C. chinensis.
The classification proposed in Fessler and Westneat is based on the species of Chaetodon they sampled and these sorted into the following clades:
Clade 1
Chaetodon robustus
Chaetodon hoefleri
Clade 2
Chaetodon kleini
Chaetodon unimaculatus
Chaetodon fremblii
Chaetodon burgessi
Chaetodon xanthurus
Chaetodon paucifasciatus
Chaetodon mertensi
Chaetodon quadrimaculatus
Chaetodon citrinellus
Chaetodon multicinctus
Chaetodon punctatofasciatus
Chaetodon pelewensis
Chaetodon sedentarius
Chaetodon dolosus
Chaetodon miliaris
Chaetodon guentheri
Clade 3
Chaetodon austriacus
Chaetodon trifasciatus
Chaetodon ornatissimus
Chaetodon reticularis
Chaetodon meyeri
Chaetodon larvatus
Chaetodon baronessa
Chaetodon trifascialis
Chaetodon rainfordi
Chaetodon octofasciatus
Chaetodon bennetti
Chaetodon plebius
Chaetodon speculum
Chaetodon zanzibarensis
Clade 4
Chaetodon ocellatus
Chaetodon capistratus
Chaetodon striatus
Chaetodon semeion
Chaetodon ephippium
Chaetodon selene
Chaetodon melannotus
Chaetodon ocellicaudus
Chaetodon rafflesi
Chaetodon auriga
Chaetodon vagabundus
Chaetodon collare
Chaetodon adiergastos
Chaetodon fasciatus
Chaetodon lunula
Chaetodon semilarvatus
Chaetodon lineolatus
Chaetodon oxycephalus
Chaetodon falcula
Chaetodon ulietensis
Fossil record
The oldest fossils that are usually assigned to Chaetodon date from the late Oligocene, about 25 million years ago. But since it is not easy to distinguish this genus from close relatives, it may be that the Oligocene fossils are actually of other Chaetodontidae. The fossil record of this family is scant indeed, only Chelmon (or some similar genus like Chelmonops or Coradion) being known from Miocene remains. As even crude molecular clocks suggest that the ancestors of the Chaetodon and the Chelmops lineage diverged in the Late Eocene already, nothing more can be said without new fossils being discovered.
Footnotes
References
External links
Media related to Chaetodon at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Chaetodon at Wikispecies
Kata Kunci Pencarian:
- Kepe-kepe putih
- Miconia chaetodon
- Astragalus chaetodon
- Banera
- Kepe-kepe auriga
- Kepe-kepe nanas
- Kepe-kepe gajah
- Kepe-kepe oriental
- Kepe-kepe merak
- Kepe-kepe sisik
- Chaetodon
- Foureye butterflyfish
- Butterflyfish
- Chaetodon falcula
- Chaetodon trichrous
- Old wife
- Chaetodon pelewensis
- Chaetodon daedalma
- Spotfin butterflyfish
- Atlantic spadefish
