• Source: Chapel (music)

      • In music, chapel refers to a group of musicians.


      Origin: religious service


      In European Christian tradition church buildings had a body of clergymen responsible for the religious services, including the singing in these services. The group of performers could include instrumentalists. For the larger church buildings, like cathedrals, an apse chapel was used for rehearsing. That was also the place where choirbooks, instruments and robes were kept. The name chapel transferred to the musical ensemble, and their director was known as chapel master.
      The musicians of the Sistine Chapel and the Capella Julia were among the most famous of such groups of performers in the 16th century. Other examples of such chapels with a history going back to the Middle Ages include the Music Chapel of the Cathedral of Pamplona.
      The genesis, development and organisation of such a musical chapel is documented for the Basilica of Tongeren, at the time one of the towns in the Prince-Bishopric of Liège: in the 15th century twenty canons are responsible for musical accompaniment of the religious services. By the end of the 16th century the chapter expands the chapel to a group of over twenty musicians, mostly singers, but by the end of the 17th century also four to six instrumentalists. By that time the canon-cantor (precentor) supervises three groups of musicians: the first is a fixed set of six vicars (here understood as spiritual musicians). These vicars have, by papal bull from 1444, six altars exclusively reserved for them, where they have to consecrate mass at least once a week. The succentor (singing-master) is the most important among them, needing to consecrate two more masses per week, and instructs the choristers. In order of importance the succentor is followed by the organist and the bass, then the ordinary vicars. Somewhere in the 17th century these last three vicars became expected to play an instrument too, usually a violin or a cello. In the 16th and 17th century vicars were replaced after a few months or years, but after shorter intervals than they were in the 18th century. As exams to appoint a new vicar were open to candidates of a larger area, it follows that musicians often travelled from one region to another for their next employment.
      The second group consisted of somewhat around seven or eight secular musicians, singers and instrumentists, hired for short-term assignments depending on financial possibilities. The instruments include violin, cello, bassoon, trumpet and zink. About half of these musicians had an established connection to the chapter, in a role as sacristan, sexton, adult acolyte, or exceptionally former choristers that became chaplain. The others were often itinerary musicians additionally employed for some days in periods of high feasts. The third group were up to twelve choristers, modelled on the group of twelve choristers employed in the cathedral at Liège. These boys were educated from a very young age (sometimes only six years when starting) in a dedicated room above the ambulatory. The best of them stayed some time after voice change, as instrumentist, or attending a position as vicar or adult musician.


      Worldly variants



      From the 15th century worldly rulers like the dukes of Burgundy and their Imperial successors tried to stabilise itinerary musicians into court chapels, for regularity in worship, and showing off splendour, which in the 16th century led to a network of musicians throughout Europe. Eventually, such chapels could become "a group of musicians that is not explicitly linked to regular worship, but to public feasts and functions".
      Civic authorities would often employ a band for public functions: the term Alta cappella indicates such a 15th-16th century European town wind band.


      Later developments


      Eventually, "Chapel", or one of its equivalents in other languages, became part of the name of diverse associations of musicians. Sometimes with a link to official instances:

      Queen Elisabeth Music Chapel (Belgium), primarily an institute for the formation of young musicians
      Staatskapelle, several orchestras in Germany
      Koninklijke muziekkapellen van Defensie (literally, "Royal Music Chapels of Defense"), a series of military bands in Belgium
      Many private ensembles, where "chapel" often indicates the preference for a pre-classical music repertoire:

      Capilla Flamenca (Belgium)
      Capella Cracoviensis, Kraków
      Capella Savaria, Szombathely
      Capella Istropolitana, Bratislava
      La Capella Reial de Catalunya
      Capella Agostino Steffani, founded 1981, and fifteen years later renamed to Hannoversche Hofkapelle.
      Hofkapelle München, new formation in 2009, referring to a prior orchestra
      Neue Hofkapelle Graz, a new ensemble in the 2010s, with a name referring to a court chapel founded in 1564.


      See also


      a cappella


      References

    • Source: Chapel Music

      • Chapel Music, formerly Chapel Records is a record label, currently in Nampa, Idaho (relocated from California) that releases religious music. The label was founded in the late 1940s and still releases several CDs each year. It is the long-standing official recorded music publisher of the Seventh-day Adventist Church. Among the artists who have recorded for Chapel are The King's Heralds, Del Delker, The Heritage Singers, Wintley Phipps, and Roy Drusky.


      History


      Sabbath Music was a record label founded in 1948 as part of the World-Wide Bible Pictures department of the Pacific Union Conference of Seventh-Day Adventists. Initially the label was located in Glendale, California. The label's name changed quickly in order to market recordings to non-Adventists. By 1949 the product had caught the attention of Billboard reviewers, for music by Ben Glanzer and The King's Heralds. Records were released both on the Chapel Records and Cathedral Records imprints. The name "Chapel" seems to have been used for general distribution, and the name "Cathedral" for records marketed and distributed within Adventism. The Cathedral label was dropped after it was discovered that there was another Cathedral Records in existence in Michigan. The slogan of this religious label was "Music in the Home, Melody in the Heart". In 1955 ownership was transferred to Pacific Press Publishing Association and the label listed an address at Mountain View, California. By 1957 Chapel had added pre-recorded tapes to its line. By 1970, Chapel/Bridge was offering recordings in various formats including compact cassette tapes and 8-track cartridges in addition to vinyl and open reel tapes. In 1973, the label's sales exceeded over one-million U.S. dollars a year, and included distribution in such diverse places as Ghana, Finland, and Australia. The label's address moved to Nampa, Idaho when Pacific Press relocated there. In 2010, Chapel Music launched a website dedicated to digital downloads. By this time, more than 400 artists and groups had released material on Chapel.


      Bridge Records


      The subsidiary label Bridge Records was started in 1970, formed to differentiate music specifically designed for "Sabbath listening", which would continue to be released on the Chapel imprint, and other types of music appropriate for Christian listening, but not necessarily to the taste of all Adventists.


      Output


      Chapel issued numerous recordings by artists that had become popular through the Adventist mass-communication ministries. Among the best selling records issued by Chapel were albums issued by the Heritage Singers. So popular was this group that the imprint issued special pink labels for them. Additionally, the label issued recordings by artists who had sent audition tapes, often providing promising artists with production support. The label has produced albums of standard hymns, Southern gospel, Inspirational music, country, instrumental, classical, and folk, among other religious genres.
      Chapel produced a series of 10" 78rpm children's recordings by the likes of Elman Folkenberg, The Temple Trio, The King's Heralds, and most significantly Eric B. Hare and Arthur S. Maxwell. These recordings were also issued as 7" 33 rpm phonograph records, and many of them were transferred to digital format.


      Notes




      References




      External links


      Chapel Records website (CDs)
      Chapel Records website (downloads)
      Chapel Records discography (incomplete)

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