• Source: Chemical test

      • In chemistry, a chemical test is a qualitative or quantitative procedure designed to identify, quantify, or characterise a chemical compound or chemical group.


      Purposes


      Chemical testing might have a variety of purposes, such as to:

      Determine if, or verify that, the requirements of a specification, regulation, or contract are met
      Decide if a new product development program is on track: Demonstrate proof of concept
      Demonstrate the utility of a proposed patent
      Determine the interactions of a sample with other known substances
      Determine the composition of a sample
      Provide standard data for other scientific, medical, and Quality assurance functions
      Validate suitability for end-use
      Provide a basis for Technical communication
      Provide a technical means of comparison of several options
      Provide evidence in legal proceedings


      Biochemical tests


      Clinistrips quantitatively test for sugar in urine
      The Kastle-Meyer test tests for the presence of hemoglobin
      Salicylate testing is a category of drug testing that is focused on detecting salicylates such as acetylsalicylic acid for either biochemical or medical purposes.
      The Phadebas test tests for the presence of saliva for forensic purposes
      Iodine solution tests for starch
      The Van Slyke determination tests for specific amino acids
      The Zimmermann test tests for ketosteroids
      Seliwanoff's test differentiates between aldose and ketose sugars
      Test for lipids: add ethanol to sample, then shake; add water to the solution, and shake again. If fat is present, the product turns milky white.
      The Sakaguchi test detects the presence of arginine in protein
      The Hopkins–Cole reaction tests for the presence of tryptophan in proteins
      The nitroprusside reaction tests for the presence of free thiol groups of cysteine in proteins
      The Sullivan reaction tests for the presence of cysteine and cystine in proteins
      The Acree–Rosenheim reaction tests for the presence of tryptophan in proteins
      The Pauly reaction tests for the presence of tyrosine or histidine in proteins
      Heller's test tests for the presence of albumin in urine
      Gmelin's test tests for the presence of bile pigments in urine
      Hay's test tests for the presence of bile pigments in urine


      = Reducing sugars

      =

      Barfoed's test tests for reducing polysacchorides or disaccharides
      Benedict's reagent tests for reducing sugars or aldehydes
      Fehling's solution tests for reducing sugars or aldehydes, similar to Benedict's reagent
      Molisch's test tests for carbohydrates
      Nylander's test tests for reducing sugars
      Rapid furfural test distinguishes between glucose and fructose


      = Proteins and polypeptides

      =
      The bicinchoninic acid assay tests for proteins
      The Biuret test tests for proteins and polypeptides
      Bradford protein assay measures protein quantitatively
      The Phadebas amylase test determines alpha-amylase activity


      Organic tests


      The carbylamine reaction tests for primary amines
      The esterification reaction tests for the presence of alcohol and/or carboxylic acids
      The Griess test tests for organic nitrite compounds
      The 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine tests for carbonyl compounds
      The iodoform reaction tests for the presence of methyl ketones, or compounds which can be oxidized to methyl ketones
      The Schiff test detects aldehydes
      Tollens' reagent tests for aldehydes (known as the silver mirror test)
      The Zeisel determination tests for the presence of esters or ethers
      Lucas' reagent is used to distinguish between primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols.
      The bromine test is used to test for the presence of unsaturation and phenols.


      Inorganic tests


      Barium chloride tests for sulfates
      Acidified silver nitrate solution tests for halide ions
      The Beilstein test tests for halides qualitatively
      The bead test tests for certain metals
      The Carius halogen method measures halides quantitatively.
      Chemical tests for cyanide test for the presence of cyanide, CN−
      Copper sulfate tests for the presence of water
      Flame tests test for metals
      The Gilman test tests for the presence of a Grignard reagent
      The Kjeldahl method quantitatively determines the presence of nitrogen
      Nessler's reagent tests for the presence of ammonia
      Ninhydrin tests for ammonia or primary amines
      Phosphate tests test for phosphate
      The sodium fusion test tests for the presence of nitrogen, sulfur, and halides in a sample
      The Zerewitinoff determination tests for any acidic hydrogen
      The Oddy test tests for acid, aldehydes, and sulfides
      Gunzberg's test tests for the presence of hydrochloric acid
      Kelling's test tests for the presence of lactic acid


      See also


      Independent test organization
      Medical test
      Test method


      References

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