• Source: Chiang Hung

Chiang Hung, Sipsongpanna or Keng Hung (Tai Lü: ᦵᦋᧂᦣᦳᧂᧈ; Thai: เมืองหอคำเชียงรุ่ง; Mueang Ho Kham Chiang Rung, Chinese: 車里 or 江洪) was one of the states of Shans under the suzerainty of Burma and China.
Chiang Hung was inhabited mainly by Tai Lü people, a branch of the Shans or Tai, hence its other name Meung Lu. Its capital was the city of Chiang Hung, modern Jinghong. The kingdom, in its most powerful state in the 13th century, covered a large area before being subjugated by neighboring powers such as the Yuan dynasty, the Lan Na kingdom, and the Konbaung dynasty. Chinese dynasties recognized the local leaders as tusi of Cheli (Chinese: 車里宣慰使).




History


The history of the state can be divided in two periods:

Early Period 1180 - 1290
Chao Phaya Chueang (Pa Zhen) 1180 - 1192
Khai Loeung (Ka Leng) 1192 - 12..
Thao Ai p. 1290
Later Period (State under Chinese suzerainty until annexation) 1312 - 1805




= Early history

=

Phanya Coeng, Paya Jueang (Thai: พญาเจื่อง) or Chao Jueang Han (Thai: เจ้าเจื่องหาญ) was said to wage wars with the native Akha and other Tai peoples in the area and established the kingdom in favor of Tai Lü people at Chiang Hung or Heo Kam on the Mekong in 1180. In the early 13th century, King Inmueng greatly expanded Heokam territories. The tributaries of Heokam kingdom includes Kengtung (Meuang Khün), Chiang Saen (Ngoenyang), Meuang Thaeng (modern Dien Bien Phu – the capital of Tai Dam people), and Xieng Thong (Luang Prabang), making Heokam the sole leader of Tai kingdoms in the north. The Tai Lü people then began scattering throughout Heokam’s area of influence.
However, Heokam then fell to the Mongol invasions in 1290 and became a tributary of Yuan dynasty. After a rebellion and subsequent capture of the city by King Mangrai, the Mongols made a peace agreement and the city remained under Mangrai's rule. The Mongols granted the title Chao Saenwi Fa (Thai: เจ้าแสนหวีฟ้า) and the surname of Dao to the Kings of Chiang Hung. The power vacuum in the area was filled by newly formed Lanna kingdom evolving from Ngoenyang state. Mangrai the Great of Lanna put Chiang Hung under Lanna tributary. However, Lanna authority weakened in the early 16th century and Heokam enjoyed a brief period of autonomy until Lanna was conquered by Burmese Toungoo dynasty in 1558. The Burmese under Bayinnaung had already put the area under its control and Chiang Hung became a Burmese tributary. The Burmese divided Heokam into twelve pans (administration units), translated by the Tai Lü people Sipsong Panna (i.e. Twelve districts). Sipsong Panna served as the battlegrounds between Burma and the Qing dynasty.
Heokam faced three centuries of Burmese rule. In efforts to recover the manpower taken by Burma, Buddha Yodfa Chulalok ordered Prince Adthavorapaño of Nan to invade Kengtung and Chiang Hung to gather the Tai peoples there into Nan and other Lanna cities. Today, Nan hosts the largest Tai Lue community in Thailand. Also King Kawila of Chiang Mai invaded Chiang Hung to get the people. The Tai Lue people and culture therefore surged into Lanna.




= Dynastic struggle

=
A dynastic struggle in 1847 brought chaos to Chiang Hung. According to Siamese chronicles King Mahawan of Chiang Hung died in 1847, to be succeeded by his son Prince Sarawan. However, Mahawan's uncle Prince Mahakhanan took the throne. Prince Sarawan fled to Dali in dismay and sought supports from Qing dynasty. Sarawan returned and killed Mahakhanan, Mahakhanan's son, Prince Nokam, went to Ava to gain supports from Pagan Min. The Burmese invaded and took Chiang Hung - culminating a large Tai Lue emigration into Lanna. Prince Nokam was then crowned but was later killed by his own nobles. Ava then re-installed Sarawan as the king.
Sarawan's brother, Oalnawudh, fled to Luang Prabang and proceeded to Bangkok in 1852. The Siamese nobles then saw this as an opportunity to gain control over Shan States and Chiang Hung and planned to take Kengtung on the way to Chiang Hung. The Siamese invaded the north but were unable to penetrate the mountainous highlands. In 1855, another attempt was made to march to Chiang Hung but yet failed.




= Later history and legacy

=
Chiang Hung then came under the suzerainty of Qing dynasty for about a century. After the Chinese Empire was overthrown, the kingdom status of Chiang Hung technically ended. However, Republic of China continued to recognize local leaders as tusi. The last chieftain of Jinghong, Dao Shixun, attended the foundation ceremony of the People's Republic of China in 1949, and later became president of the Yunnan Minzu Institute. Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Region was established in 1953 and became an autonomous prefecture in 1955. A former tusi of Mengpeng, Shao Cunxin, was the head of Xishuangbanna government from 1953 to 1992.
Following constant warfare in the late 18th century, a large number of Tai Lue people were displaced. Nowadays some Tai Lue settlements can be found in the northern provinces of Thailand and Laos.
Some members of the ruling family, such as Dao Shixun's brother, fled to Mae Sai district in Chiang Rai, Thailand in 1949. Dao Shixun visited them in 1986.




= List of Saophas of Chiang Hung

=
1160-1180 Phanya Coeng, Paya Jueang
1181-1201 Sam Hkai Nueng
1201-1224 Ai Phoung
1225-1246 Thao Hung Kaen Chaing
1246-1271 Thao Haeng Luang
1272-1285 Thao Phou Wark
1285-1286 Yi Phiang Larg Chaing
1286-1345 Sao Ai
1346-1390 Sao Hkan Möng
1391-1413 Sao Sida Hkam
1413-1414 Thao Koum Mane
1414-1415 Thao Kue Möng
1415-1416 Thao Ba Gaung
1416-1434 Thao Saung Möng (join with Hso Luang Hpa)
1417-1431 Hso Luang Hpa (join with Thao Saung Möng)
1432-1457 Thao Pra Saeng (Pha Saeng)
1458-1490 Thao Sam Phau Lue Tai
1490-1504 Sam Hkai Nueng
1504-1538 Sao Hkan Möng
1538-1561 Sao Sri Samaphan
1561-1578 Sao Oun Möng
1578-1579 Sao Sri Sunantha
1579-1583 Sao Inn Möng
1583-1628 Sao Naw Möng
1628-1644 Sao Srisuthamma
1645-1658 Sao Möm Hkam Lue
1658-1666 Sao Möm Thao
1665-1672 Sao Naw Möng
1672-1686 Sao Möng Thao
1686-1726 Sao Phaeng Möng
1726-1729 Thao Chin Phao
1729-1767 Thao Sao Wen
1772-1777 Thao Wui Phin
1777-1797 Sao Möm Suwan
1797-1802 Sao Möm Mahawongse
1803-1834 Sao Maha Nwe 1803-1834
1834-1864 Suchawan Rachabutra
1864-1876 Sao Möm Saw
1878-1925 Sao Möm Hkam Lue
1925-1943 Suwanprakang
1944-1950 Sao Möm Hkam Lue




Bibliography


Fred. W. Carey. A Trip to the Chinese Shan States The Geographical Journal Vol. 14, No. 4 (Oct., 1899), pp. 378-394
Henry Rodolph Davies. Yün-nan: The Link Between India and the Yangtze, Cambridge University Press, 2010 ISBN 9781108010795
Charles Patterson Giersch, Asian Borderlands: The Transformation of Qing China's Yunnan Frontier, Harvard University Press, 2006 ISBN 9780674021716




See also


Shan States
Tai peoples
Köng-ma, one of the largest Chinese Shan States




References






External links


The Shan

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Chiang Kai-shek
• Chiang Hung-chieh
• Jinghong
• David Chiang
• Chiang Wan-an
• Café. Waiting. Love
• Magnificent Butcher
• Chiang Pin-kung
• Mother of a Different Kind
• Triad
• Chiang Hung
• Jinghong
• Chiang Hung-chieh
• Burmese–Siamese War (1849–1855)
• Chiang (place name)
• Chiang Kai-shek
• Chiang Wing Hung
• Burmese–Siamese War (1802–1805)
• Chiang Saen
• Mongkut