• Source: Closed graph theorem

In mathematics, the closed graph theorem may refer to one of several basic results characterizing continuous functions in terms of their graphs.
Each gives conditions when functions with closed graphs are necessarily continuous.
A T. Tao’s blog post lists several closed graph theorems throughout mathematics.




Graphs and maps with closed graphs



If



f
:
X
→
Y


{\displaystyle f:X\to Y}

is a map between topological spaces then the graph of



f


{\displaystyle f}

is the set




Γ

f


:=
{
(
x
,
f
(
x
)
)
:
x
∈
X
}


{\displaystyle \Gamma _{f}:=\{(x,f(x)):x\in X\}}

or equivalently,





Γ

f


:=
{
(
x
,
y
)
∈
X
×
Y
:
y
=
f
(
x
)
}


{\displaystyle \Gamma _{f}:=\{(x,y)\in X\times Y:y=f(x)\}}


It is said that the graph of



f


{\displaystyle f}

is closed if




Γ

f




{\displaystyle \Gamma _{f}}

is a closed subset of



X
×
Y


{\displaystyle X\times Y}

(with the product topology).
Any continuous function into a Hausdorff space has a closed graph (see § Closed graph theorem in point-set topology)
Any linear map,



L
:
X
→
Y
,


{\displaystyle L:X\to Y,}

between two topological vector spaces whose topologies are (Cauchy) complete with respect to translation invariant metrics, and if in addition (1a)



L


{\displaystyle L}

is sequentially continuous in the sense of the product topology, then the map



L


{\displaystyle L}

is continuous and its graph, Gr L, is necessarily closed. Conversely, if



L


{\displaystyle L}

is such a linear map with, in place of (1a), the graph of



L


{\displaystyle L}

is (1b) known to be closed in the Cartesian product space



X
×
Y


{\displaystyle X\times Y}

, then



L


{\displaystyle L}

is continuous and therefore necessarily sequentially continuous.




= Examples of continuous maps that do not have a closed graph

=
If



X


{\displaystyle X}

is any space then the identity map



Id
:
X
→
X


{\displaystyle \operatorname {Id} :X\to X}

is continuous but its graph, which is the diagonal




Γ

Id


:=
{
(
x
,
x
)
:
x
∈
X
}
,


{\displaystyle \Gamma _{\operatorname {Id} }:=\{(x,x):x\in X\},}

, is closed in



X
×
X


{\displaystyle X\times X}

if and only if



X


{\displaystyle X}

is Hausdorff. In particular, if



X


{\displaystyle X}

is not Hausdorff then



Id
:
X
→
X


{\displaystyle \operatorname {Id} :X\to X}

is continuous but does not have a closed graph.
Let



X


{\displaystyle X}

denote the real numbers




R



{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }

with the usual Euclidean topology and let



Y


{\displaystyle Y}

denote




R



{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }

with the indiscrete topology (where note that



Y


{\displaystyle Y}

is not Hausdorff and that every function valued in



Y


{\displaystyle Y}

is continuous). Let



f
:
X
→
Y


{\displaystyle f:X\to Y}

be defined by



f
(
0
)
=
1


{\displaystyle f(0)=1}

and



f
(
x
)
=
0


{\displaystyle f(x)=0}

for all



x
≠
0


{\displaystyle x\neq 0}

. Then



f
:
X
→
Y


{\displaystyle f:X\to Y}

is continuous but its graph is not closed in



X
×
Y


{\displaystyle X\times Y}

.




Closed graph theorem in point-set topology


In point-set topology, the closed graph theorem states the following:

If X, Y are compact Hausdorff spaces, then the theorem can also be deduced from the open mapping theorem for such spaces; see § Relation to the open mapping theorem.
Non-Hausdorff spaces are rarely seen, but non-compact spaces are common. An example of non-compact



Y


{\displaystyle Y}

is the real line, which allows the discontinuous function with closed graph



f
(
x
)
=


{





1
x



if

x
≠
0
,




0

else









{\displaystyle f(x)={\begin{cases}{\frac {1}{x}}{\text{ if }}x\neq 0,\\0{\text{ else}}\end{cases}}}

.
Also, closed linear operators in functional analysis (linear operators with closed graphs) are typically not continuous.




= For set-valued functions

=




In functional analysis



If



T
:
X
→
Y


{\displaystyle T:X\to Y}

is a linear operator between topological vector spaces (TVSs) then we say that



T


{\displaystyle T}

is a closed operator if the graph of



T


{\displaystyle T}

is closed in



X
×
Y


{\displaystyle X\times Y}

when



X
×
Y


{\displaystyle X\times Y}

is endowed with the product topology.
The closed graph theorem is an important result in functional analysis that guarantees that a closed linear operator is continuous under certain conditions.
The original result has been generalized many times.
A well known version of the closed graph theorems is the following.

The theorem is a consequence of the open mapping theorem; see § Relation to the open mapping theorem below (conversely, the open mapping theorem in turn can be deduced from the closed graph theorem).




Relation to the open mapping theorem


Often, the closed graph theorems are obtained as corollaries of the open mapping theorems in the following way. Let



f
:
X
→
Y


{\displaystyle f:X\to Y}

be any map. Then it factors as




f
:
X


→
i



Γ

f




→
q


Y


{\displaystyle f:X{\overset {i}{\to }}\Gamma _{f}{\overset {q}{\to }}Y}

.
Now,



i


{\displaystyle i}

is the inverse of the projection



p
:

Γ

f


→
X


{\displaystyle p:\Gamma _{f}\to X}

. So, if the open mapping theorem holds for



p


{\displaystyle p}

; i.e.,



p


{\displaystyle p}

is an open mapping, then



i


{\displaystyle i}

is continuous and then



f


{\displaystyle f}

is continuous (as the composition of continuous maps).
For example, the above argument applies if



f


{\displaystyle f}

is a linear operator between Banach spaces with closed graph, or if



f


{\displaystyle f}

is a map with closed graph between compact Hausdorff spaces.




See also


Almost open linear map – Map that satisfies a condition similar to that of being an open map.Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Barrelled space – Type of topological vector space
Closed graph – Graph of a map closed in the product spacePages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Closed linear operator
Discontinuous linear map
Kakutani fixed-point theorem – Fixed-point theorem for set-valued functions
Open mapping theorem (functional analysis) – Condition for a linear operator to be open
Ursescu theorem – Generalization of closed graph, open mapping, and uniform boundedness theorem
Webbed space – Space where open mapping and closed graph theorems hold
Zariski's main theorem – Theorem of algebraic geometry and commutative algebra




Notes






References






Bibliography


Bourbaki, Nicolas (1987) [1981]. Topological Vector Spaces: Chapters 1–5. Éléments de mathématique. Translated by Eggleston, H.G.; Madan, S. Berlin New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 3-540-13627-4. OCLC 17499190.
Folland, Gerald B. (1984), Real Analysis: Modern Techniques and Their Applications (1st ed.), John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 978-0-471-80958-6
Jarchow, Hans (1981). Locally convex spaces. Stuttgart: B.G. Teubner. ISBN 978-3-519-02224-4. OCLC 8210342.
Köthe, Gottfried (1983) [1969]. Topological Vector Spaces I. Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften. Vol. 159. Translated by Garling, D.J.H. New York: Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-3-642-64988-2. MR 0248498. OCLC 840293704.
Munkres, James R. (2000). Topology (Second ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, Inc. ISBN 978-0-13-181629-9. OCLC 42683260.
Narici, Lawrence; Beckenstein, Edward (2011). Topological Vector Spaces. Pure and applied mathematics (Second ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. ISBN 978-1584888666. OCLC 144216834.
Rudin, Walter (1991). Functional Analysis. International Series in Pure and Applied Mathematics. Vol. 8 (Second ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math. ISBN 978-0-07-054236-5. OCLC 21163277.
Schaefer, Helmut H.; Wolff, Manfred P. (1999). Topological Vector Spaces. GTM. Vol. 8 (Second ed.). New York, NY: Springer New York Imprint Springer. ISBN 978-1-4612-7155-0. OCLC 840278135.
Trèves, François (2006) [1967]. Topological Vector Spaces, Distributions and Kernels. Mineola, N.Y.: Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-45352-1. OCLC 853623322.
Wilansky, Albert (2013). Modern Methods in Topological Vector Spaces. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc. ISBN 978-0-486-49353-4. OCLC 849801114.
Zălinescu, Constantin (30 July 2002). Convex Analysis in General Vector Spaces. River Edge, N.J. London: World Scientific Publishing. ISBN 978-981-4488-15-0. MR 1921556. OCLC 285163112 – via Internet Archive.
"Proof of closed graph theorem". PlanetMath.

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Ruang vektor topologis
• Daftar masalah matematika yang belum terpecahkan
• Closed graph theorem
• Closed graph theorem (functional analysis)
• Robertson–Seymour theorem
• Planar graph
• Open mapping theorem (functional analysis)
• Closed linear operator
• Functional analysis
• Hamiltonian path
• Kakutani fixed-point theorem
• Ursescu theorem