• Source: Commissioner v. Tufts

Commissioner v. Tufts, 461 U.S. 300 (1983), was a unanimous decision by the United States Supreme Court, which held that when a taxpayer sells or disposes of property encumbered by a nonrecourse obligation exceeding the fair market value of the property sold, the Commissioner of Internal Revenue may require him to include in the “amount realized” the outstanding amount of the obligation; the fair market value of the property is irrelevant to this calculation.




Facts


Taxpayers borrowed $1,851,500 on a non-recourse basis to build an apartment complex. Later, they sold the complex for no consideration other than the assumption of the non-recourse liability.
At the time of the sale, the fair market value of the property was $1,400,000, and their basis in the property was $1,455,740 (i.e.: the $1,851,500 which they borrowed, plus their invested capital of $44,212, minus deductions taken in the amount of $439,972.)
The taxpayers argued that their tax consequences should equal the excess of fair market value over basis. If so, they would have a loss of $55,740.
The Tax Commissioner argued that the tax should equal the excess of the principal amount of debt over basis. If so, then the taxpayers actually realized a gain of $400,000.




Issue


How should the tax court deal with the transfer of non-recourse mortgage debt in property dispositions when the fair market value of the property is less than the property's basis?




Opinion


The Court began by noting that all gains or losses on the disposition of property must be realized, under section 1001(a) of the Internal Revenue Code. The definition for “amount realized,” found in 1001(b), states “the amount realized from the sale or other disposition of property shall be the sum of any money received plus the fair market value of the property (other than money) received.”
The Court considered, and ultimately reaffirmed, the holding of a previous opinion rendered in Crane v. Commissioner; specifically that the phrase “amount realized” must include the amount of mortgage debt liability transferred.
The Court specifically noted that the fair market value of the property at the time of disposition is irrelevant. Further, the nature of the loan (recourse or non-recourse) is also insignificant for purposes of determining basis. The Court defended its position by observing that the stated requirements force a taxpayer to account for the proceeds of obligations he has received tax-free and included in the property's basis. A finding otherwise would allow a mortgagee to recognize a tax loss without suffering a corresponding economic loss.
In applying the opinion's statement of law to the present facts, the Court concluded that the taxpayers’ disposition of property realized a gain of approximately $400,000; not their claim of a $55,740 loss.




See also


List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 331
Taxation in the United States




References






Further reading


Cunningham, Alice (1984). "Payment of Debt with Property—The Two-Step Analysis after Commissioner v. Tufts". Tax Lawyer. 38: 575. ISSN 0890-4898.
Pino-Anderson, E. (1982). "Contra Tufts: The Case against the Fair Market Value Limitation on Amount Realized". Pacific Law Journal. 14: 79. ISSN 0030-8757.




External links


Text of Commissioner v. Tufts, 461 U.S. 300 (1983) is available from: CourtListener Findlaw Google Scholar Justia Library of Congress OpenJurist Oyez (oral argument audio)

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Agama
• Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority
• Commissioner v. Tufts
• Crane v. Commissioner
• Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
• Moore v. United States (2024)
• Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co.
• Nonrecourse debt
• Commissioner v. Glenshaw Glass Co.
• Eisner v. Macomber
• Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad Co.
• Tax protester Sixteenth Amendment arguments