• Source: Commonsense knowledge (artificial intelligence)

In artificial intelligence research, commonsense knowledge consists of facts about the everyday world, such as "Lemons are sour", or "Cows say moo", that all humans are expected to know. It is currently an unsolved problem in artificial general intelligence. The first AI program to address common sense knowledge was Advice Taker in 1959 by John McCarthy.
Commonsense knowledge can underpin a commonsense reasoning process, to attempt inferences such as "You might bake a cake because you want people to eat the cake." A natural language processing process can be attached to the commonsense knowledge base to allow the knowledge base to attempt to answer questions about the world. Common sense knowledge also helps to solve problems in the face of incomplete information. Using widely held beliefs about everyday objects, or common sense knowledge, AI systems make common sense assumptions or default assumptions about the unknown similar to the way people do. In an AI system or in English, this is expressed as "Normally P holds", "Usually P" or "Typically P so Assume P". For example, if we know the fact "Tweety is a bird", because we know the commonly held belief about birds, "typically birds fly," without knowing anything else about Tweety, we may reasonably assume the fact that "Tweety can fly." As more knowledge of the world is discovered or learned over time, the AI system can revise its assumptions about Tweety using a truth maintenance process. If we later learn that "Tweety is a penguin" then truth maintenance revises this assumption because we also know "penguins do not fly".




Commonsense reasoning



Commonsense reasoning simulates the human ability to use commonsense knowledge to make presumptions about the type and essence of ordinary situations they encounter every day, and to change their "minds" should new information come to light. This includes time, missing or incomplete information and cause and effect. The ability to explain cause and effect is an important aspect of explainable AI. Truth maintenance algorithms automatically provide an explanation facility because they create elaborate records of presumptions. Compared with humans, all existing computer programs that attempt human-level AI perform extremely poorly on modern "commonsense reasoning" benchmark tests such as the Winograd Schema Challenge. The problem of attaining human-level competency at "commonsense knowledge" tasks is considered to probably be "AI complete" (that is, solving it would require the ability to synthesize a fully human-level intelligence), although some oppose this notion and believe compassionate intelligence is also required for human-level AI. Common sense reasoning has been applied successfully in more limited domains such as natural language processing and automated diagnosis or analysis.




Commonsense knowledge base construction


Compiling comprehensive knowledge bases of commonsense assertions (CSKBs) is a long-standing challenge in AI research. From early expert-driven efforts like CYC and WordNet, significant advances were achieved via the crowdsourced OpenMind Commonsense project, which led to the crowdsourced ConceptNet KB. Several approaches have attempted to automate CSKB construction, most notably, via text mining (WebChild, Quasimodo, TransOMCS, Ascent), as well as harvesting these directly from pre-trained language models (AutoTOMIC). These resources are significantly larger than ConceptNet, though the automated construction mostly makes them of moderately lower quality. Challenges also remain on the representation of commonsense knowledge: Most CSKB projects follow a triple data model, which is not necessarily best suited for breaking more complex natural language assertions. A notable exception here is GenericsKB, which applies no further normalization to sentences, but retains them in full.




Applications


Around 2013, MIT researchers developed BullySpace, an extension of the commonsense knowledgebase ConceptNet, to catch taunting social media comments. BullySpace included over 200 semantic assertions based around stereotypes, to help the system infer that comments like "Put on a wig and lipstick and be who you really are" are more likely to be an insult if directed at a boy than a girl.
ConceptNet has also been used by chatbots and by computers that compose original fiction. At Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, common sense knowledge was used in an intelligent software agent to detect violations of a comprehensive nuclear test ban treaty.




Data


As an example, as of 2012 ConceptNet includes these 21 language-independent relations:

IsA (An "RV" is a "vehicle")
UsedFor
HasA (A "rabbit" has a "tail")
CapableOf
Desires
CreatedBy ("cake" can be created by "baking")
PartOf
Causes
LocatedNear
AtLocation (Somewhere a "Cook" can be at a "restaurant")
DefinedAs
SymbolOf (X represents Y)
ReceivesAction ("cake" can be "eaten")
HasPrerequisite (X cannot do Y unless A does B)
MotivatedByGoal (You would "bake" because you want to "eat")
CausesDesire ("baking" makes you want to "follow recipe")
MadeOf
HasFirstSubevent (The first thing required when you're doing X is for entity Y to do Z)
HasSubevent ("eat" has subevent "swallow")
HasLastSubevent




Commonsense knowledge bases


Cyc
Open Mind Common Sense (data source) and ConceptNet (datastore and NLP engine)
True Knowledge
Graphiq




See also


Common sense
Linked data and the Semantic Web
Truth Maintenance or Reason Maintenance
Ontology




References

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Tantangan skema Winograd
• Commonsense knowledge (artificial intelligence)
• Commonsense reasoning
• History of artificial intelligence
• Symbolic artificial intelligence
• Artificial general intelligence
• Common sense (disambiguation)
• Philosophy of artificial intelligence
• Glossary of artificial intelligence
• Artificial intelligence
• Outline of artificial intelligence