• Source: Conquest

Conquest is the act of military subjugation of an enemy by force of arms.
Military history provides many examples of conquest: the Roman conquest of Britain, the Mauryan conquest of Afghanistan and of vast areas of the Indian subcontinent, the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire and various Muslim conquests, to mention just a few.
The Norman conquest of England provides an example: it built on cultural ties, led to the subjugation of the Kingdom of England to Norman control and brought William the Conqueror to the English throne in 1066.
Conquest may link in some ways with colonialism. England, for example, experienced phases and areas of Anglo-Saxon, Viking and Franco-Norman colonisation and conquest.




Methods of conquest


The Ottomans used a method of gradual, non-military conquest in which they established suzerainty over their neighbours and then displaced their ruling dynasties. This concept was first systematized by Halil İnalcık. Conquests of this sort did not involve violent revolution but were a process of slow assimilation, established by bureaucratic means such as registers of population and resources as part of the feudal timar system.




Ancient conquests


The ancient civilized peoples conducted wars on a large scale that were, in effect, conquests. In Egypt the effects of invasion and conquest are to be seen in different racial types represented in paintings and sculptures.
Improved agriculture production was not conducive to peace; it allowed for specialization which included the formation of ever-larger militaries and improved weapon technology. This, combined with growth of population and political control, meant war became more widespread and destructive. Thus, the Aztecs; Incas; the African Kingdoms Dahomey and Benin; and the ancient civilizations of Egypt, Babylonia, Assyria and Persia all stand out as more militaristic than the less organized societies around them. Military adventures were on a larger scale and effective conquest for the first time became feasible.




Leading to migration


Military conquest has been one of the most persistent causes of human migrations. There is a significant influence of migration and conquest on political development and state formation. Conquest leading to migration has contributed to race mixture and cultural exchange. The latter points influence on conquest has been of far greater significance in the evolution of society. Conquest brings humans into contact, even though it is a hostile contact.




Plunder



Plunder has in all times and places been a result of war, the conquerors taking whatever things of value they find. The desire for it has been one of the most common causes of war and conquest.




The state



In the formation of the modern state, the conspicuous immediate causes are the closely related facts of migration and conquest. The state has increased civilization and allowed increased cultural contact allowing for a cultural exchange and stimulus; frequently the conquerors have taken over the culture of their subjects.




Subjugation


With subjugation, further class distinctions arise. The conquered people are enslaved; thus the widest possible social classes are produced: the enslaved and the free. The slaves are put to work to support the upper classes, who regard war as their chief business. The state is in origin a product of war and exists primarily as an enforced peace between conquerors and conquered. From slavery and from conquest, another result of war, sprang differentiation of classes and occupations termed the division of labour. Through conquest, society became divided into a ruling militant class and a subject industrial class. The regulative function devolved upon the conquering soldiers and operations side to the serfs and slaves.




Culture after conquest


After a conquest where a minority imposes itself on a majority, it usually adopts the language and religion of the majority, through this force of numbers and because a strong government can be maintained only through the unity of these two important facts. In other cases, especially when the conquerors create or maintain strong cultural or social institutions, the conquered culture could adopt norms or ideas from the conquering culture to expedite interactions with the new ruling class. These changes were often imposed on the conquered people by force, particularly during religiously motivated conquests.




Post-World War II


Scholars have debated the existence of a norm against conquest since 1945. Conquest of large swaths of territory has been rare, but states have since 1945 continued to pursue annexation of small swaths of territory.




See also



War of aggression, discusses post-WW2 prohibition against wars of conquest
Invasion
Right of conquest
Victory




References

• Source: CONQUEST

CONQUEST is a linear scaling, or O(N), density functional theory (DFT) electronic structure open-source code. The code is designed to perform DFT calculations on very large systems containing many thousands of atoms. It can be run at different levels of precision ranging from ab initio tight binding up to full DFT with plane wave accuracy. It has been applied to the study of three-dimensional reconstructions formed by Ge on Si(001), containing over 20,000 atoms. Tests on the UK's national supercomputer HECToR in 2009 demonstrated the capability of the code to perform ground-state calculations on systems of over 1,000,000 atoms.




Methodology


Instead of solving for the Kohn-Sham eigenstates as normal DFT codes do, CONQUEST solves for the one particle density matrix,



ρ
(

r

,


r


′


)


{\displaystyle \rho (\mathbf {r} ,\mathbf {r} ^{\prime })}

. To make the problem computationally tractable, the density matrix is written in separable form:




ρ
(

r

,


r


′


)
=

∑

i
α
j
β



ϕ

i
α


(

r

)

K

i
α
j
β



ϕ

j
β


(


r


′


)


{\displaystyle \rho (\mathbf {r} ,\mathbf {r} ^{\prime })=\sum _{i\alpha j\beta }\phi _{i\alpha }(\mathbf {r} )K_{i\alpha j\beta }\phi _{j\beta }(\mathbf {r} ^{\prime })}

,
where




ϕ

i
α


(

r

)


{\displaystyle \phi _{i\alpha }(\mathbf {r} )}

is a support function centred on atom i (with support functions on the same atom notated by



α


{\displaystyle \alpha }

) and




K

i
α
j
β




{\displaystyle K_{i\alpha j\beta }}

is the density matrix in the basis of the support functions. The ground state is found as a series of nested loops:
• Minimise the energy with respect to the density matrix for fixed charge density and support functions
• Find self-consistency between charge density and potential
• Minimise the energy with respect to the support functions
The support functions are confined within spheres of given cutoff radius and the density matrix is forced to zero beyond a given range:




K

i
j


=
0
,

|



R


i


−


R


j



|

>

R

c




{\displaystyle K_{ij}=0,|\mathbf {R} _{i}-\mathbf {R} _{j}|>R_{c}}

. These approximations give linear scaling behaviour, and as the radii are increased tend to the exact result.




Developers


CONQUEST is jointly developed at the Department of Physics and Astronomy and London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London in the UK and at the Computational Materials Science Centre, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan. In the UK, the development team includes Dr. David Bowler, Dr. Veronika Brazdova, Prof. Mike Gillan, Dr. Andrew Horsfield, Mr. Alex Sena, Mr. Lianheng Tong, Mr. Jack Baker and Mr. Shereif Mujahed who are all members of the Thomas Young Centre; in Japan, the development team includes Dr. Tsuyoshi Miyazaki, Dr. Takahisa Ohno, Dr. Takao Ohtsuka, Dr. Milica Todorovic and Dr. Antonio Torralba.
Previous developers include Ian Bush, Rathin Choudhury, Chris Goringe and Eduardo Hernandez.




See also


Density functional theory
Quantum chemistry computer programs




External links


CONQUEST official website
National Institute for Materials Science website
London Centre for Nanotechnology website




References

• Source: ConQuesT

ConQuesT is the annual science fiction and fantasy convention held in the Kansas City, Missouri area over the U. S. Memorial Day weekend. It is sponsored by the long-running (since 1971) Kansas City Science Fiction and Fantasy Society (KaCSFFS, pronounced kax-fuss). ConQuesT is the oldest such fan convention of its type in Missouri and in the U. S. central states region, first established using the name Mid-America Con in June 1972. After that, the next nine KaCSFFS-sponsored conventions were named BYOB-Cons (the final "B" in the name having additional and alternate science fictional meanings beyond the traditional meanings.) In 1980 KaCSFFS adopted the permanent name ConQuesT (sometimes abbreviated CQT) for the convention.
The convention's purpose is to celebrate science fiction, fantasy, and horror "in all its various forms", but with a nod toward the literary side of these closely related genres. For some years its programming has been built around a different yearly theme.




Conventions






= 1970s

=
Mid-America Con – Held June, 16-18, 1972 at the downtown Hotel Continental, and featured author guests of honor Philip Jose Farmer and James E. Gunn, fan guests Vern and Rita Coriell, special guest Russ Myers, and toastmasters Ken Keller and Jim Loehr.
BYOB-Con 1 (relaxicon) – Held on a weekend in late fall 1972 at the Glenwood Manor Motor Hotel (no guests of honor). It used a well-stocked convention suite with an attached room used for minimal item programming, including a few genre films shown in 16 mm.
BYOB-Con 2 (relaxicon) – Held spring 1973 at the Glenwood Manor Motor Hotel (no guests of honor). See previous entry for matching details.
BYOB-Con 3 (relaxicon/3 day long fan party with filk singing, partying, games, discussions, fanzines, more partying, and a BBQ cookout with all the trimmings) – Held in fall of 1973 at a private residence in Independence, MO (no guests of honor).
BYOB-Con 4 - Held summer 1974 at the Muehlebach Hotel, and featured author guest of honor Wilson Tucker, fan guest Hoy Ping Pong, and toastmaster Bob Tucker.
BYOB-Con 5 – Held summer 1975 at the Radisson Muehlebach Hotel, and featured author guest of honor Robert Bloch, fan guests Ron & Linda Bushyager, special guests Harlan Ellison, Tim Kirk, and toastmaster Bob Tucker.
BYOB-Con 6 – Held 1976 at the Airport Marriott Hotel, and featured author guest of honor C. L. Moore, fan guest Fred Haskell, and toastmaster Jodi Offut.
BYOB-Con 7 – Held 1977 at the Hotel President, and featured author guest of honor C. J. Cherryh, fan guests Bill & Sherry Fesselmeyer, and toastmaster Wilson (Bob) Tucker.
BYOB-Con 8 – Held 1978 at the Hotel President, and featured author guest of honor Marion Zimmer Bradley, fan guest Jan Howard Finder, and toastmaster Allan J. Wilde.
BYOB-Con 9 – Held 1979 at the Grandview Hotel, and featured author guest of honor Karl Edward Wagner, fan guest Martha Beck, special guest author Carl Sherrell, and toastmaster Andrew J. Offutt.




= 1980s

=
ConQuesT 1980 – Held 1980 at the Hotel President, and featured author guest of honor Gordon R. Dickson, fan guest Garth Danielson, and toastmaster John Kessel.
ConQuesT 2 – Held 1981 at the Hotel Continental, and featured author guest of honor Poul Anderson, fan guest of honor Donald C. Thompson, and toastmaster Lee Killough.
ConQuesT 3 – Held 1982 at the downtown Roadway Inn, and featured author guest of honor Norman Spinrad, fan guest of honor Nancy Nutt, and toastmaster Warren Norwood.
ConQuesT 4 + 10 (including 1970s cons) – Held 1983 at the downtown Howard Johnson's Central, and featured author guest of honor Kate Wilhelm, fan guest Ken Moore, and toastmaster John Kessel.
ConQuesT 15 – Held 1984 at the downtown Howard Johnson's Central, and featured author guest of honor Frederik Pohl, fan guest Susan Satterfield, and toastmaster Thomas M. Disch.
ConQuesT 16 – Held 1985 at the downtown Howard Johnson's Central, and featured author guest of honor George R. R. Martin, artist guest of honor Dell Harris, fan guests Robert "Buck" Coulson and Juanita Coulson, and toastmaster Algis Budrys.
ConQuesT 17 – Held 1986 at the downtown Howard Johnson's Central, and featured author guest of honor Tim Powers, fan guest Ann Layman Chancellor, and toastmaster Edward Bryant.
ConQuesT 18 – Held 1987 at the downtown Howard Johnson's Central, and featured author guest of honor John Varley, artist guest of honor Don Maitz, fan guest Brian Thomsen, and toastmaster Rusty Hevelin.
ConQuesT 19 – Held 1988 at the downtown Howard Johnson's Central, and featured author guest of honor Howard Waldrop, artist guest of honor Carl Lundgren, fan guest Bob Hise, and toastmaster David G. Hartwell.
ConQuesT 20 – Held 1989 at the downtown Howard Johnson's Central, and featured author guest of honor Elizabeth Scarborough, artist guest Angela Lowry, fan guest Rebekah Rogge, and toastmaster C. J. Cherryh.




= 1990s

=
ConQuesT 21 – Held 1990 at the downtown Howard Johnson's Central, and featured author guest of honor Melinda M. Snodgrass, fan guest David Means, artist guest Darrell K. Sweet, and toastmaster Bradley Denton.
ConQuesT 22 – Held 1991, and featured author guest of honor John Kessel, fan guest Laura LeHew, artist guest Dan Patterson, and toastmaster Mike McQuay.
ConQuesT 23 – Held May 22–24, 1992 and featured author guest of honor Michael Kube-McDowell, fan guest "Uncle Timmy" Bolgeo, artist guest Bob Eggleton, and toastmaster Vic Milan.
ConQuesT 24 – Held May 28–30, 1993 and featured author guest of honor James P. Hogan, fan guest Parris (later Parris McBride), artist guest Nick Smith, and toastmaster Steven Gould.
ConQuesT 25 – Held May 27–30, 1994 at the Park Place Hotel and featured author guest of honor Steven Brust, fan guest Leonard Bishop, artist guest David Cherry, and toastmaster Pat Cadigan.
ConQuesT 26 – Held May 26–28, 1995 at the Park Place Hotel, featured author guest of honor Octavia Butler, fan guest Cheryl Medley, artist guest David Lee Anderson, special guest Mike Glyer, and toastmaster Mike Resnick.
ConQuesT 27 – Held May 24–26, 1996 at the Park Place Hotel, and featured guest of honor Allen Steele, fan guest Myrna Logan, artist guest Lubov, special guest Wilson "Bob" Tucker, and toastmaster Lee Killough.
ConQuesT 28 – Held May 23–25, 1997, at the Park Place Hotel, and featured guest of honor Larry Niven, fan guest Bob Stoltman, artist guest Alan M. Clark, and toastmaster Wm. Mark Simmons.
ConQuesT 29 – Held May 22–24, 1998, at the Park Place Hotel, and featured guest of honor K. W. Jeter, fan guest Gerald Burton, artist guest Keith Berdak, and toastmaster Vic Milan.
ConQuesT 30 – Held May 28–30, 1999, at the Park Place Hotel, and featured guest of honor David Drake, artist guest Robert "J.R." Daniels, fan guest Samantha "Star" Straf, special guest Wilson "Bob" Tucker, and toastmaster Esther Friesner.




= 2000s

=
ConQuesT 31 – Held May 26–28, 2000 at the Park Place Hotel, and featured guest of honor Walter Jon Williams, fan guests Dick Smith and Leah Zeldes Smith, artist guest Brad W. Foster, and toastmaster Darrell K. Sweet. Convention theme: "It's the end of the world as we know it!"
ConQuesT 32 – Held May 25–27, 2001, at the Park Place, and featured guest of honor James K. Morrow, fan guest Roger Tener, artist guest Bill Hodgson, and toastmaster Stephen Pagel.
ConQuesT 33 – Held May 24–26, 2002, at the Kansas City Airport Hilton, featured guest of honor Connie Willis, fan guest of honor Michael J. Walsh, artist guest Frank Kelly Freas, toastmaster Patrick Nielsen Hayden. Theme was "33 1/3"
ConQuesT 34 – Held May 23–25, 2003 at the Kansas City Airport Hilton, and featured guest of honor Elizabeth Moon, fan guest Suzanne Carnival-Reece, artist guest of honor Vincent Di Fate, special guest John Ringo, and toastmaster Ellen Datlow.
ConQuesT 35 – Held May 28–30, 2004 at the Kansas City Airport Hilton, and featured author guest of honor Jennifer Roberson and artist guest of honor Jody A. Lee.
ConQuesT 36 – Held May 27–29, 2005 at the Kansas City Airport Hilton, and featured author guest of honor Joe Haldeman, fan guests Les and Jeanette Roth, artist guest Theresa Mather, and toastmaster George R. R. Martin.
ConQuesT 37 – Held May 26–28, 2006 at the Kansas City Airport Hilton, and featured author guest of honor Kage Baker, fan guest Charles Piehl, and artist guest Mitch Bentley, and toastmaster Howard Waldrop.
ConQuesT 38 – Held May 25–27, 2007 at the Kansas City Airport Hilton, and featured author guest of honor Phyllis Eisenstein, fan guest Deb Geisler, artist guest Teddy Harvia, and toastmistress Teresa Nielsen Hayden. Also in attendance: Howard Waldrop
ConQuesT 39 – Held May 23–25, 2008 at the Kansas City Airport Hilton, and featured author guest of honor Joe R. Lansdale, fan guests Chris and Laurie Felknor, media guests Jeff East and Ellen Muth, artist guest David Lee Anderson, and toastmaster William Mark Simmons.
ConQuesT 40 – Held May 22–24, 2009 at the Hyatt Regency Crown Center, and featured author guest of honor John Scalzi, fan guest Ed DeGruy, media guest Jerry Gelb, artist guest Oberon Zell, toastmaster Ellen Datlow.




= 2010s

=
ConQuesT 41 – Held May 28–30, 2010 at the Hyatt Regency Crown Center, and featured author guest of honor Michael Swanwick, fan guest Geri Sullivan, artist guest Peri Charlifu, special guest Pete Abrams, and toastmaster Toni Weisskopf. The theme for the weekend was "Steampunk and Evil Geniuses".
ConQuesT 42 – Held May 27–29, 2011 at the Hyatt Regency Crown Center, and featured author guest of honor Tamora Pierce, fan guest Tadao Tomomatsu, artist guest Erin McKee, media guest The Great Luke Ski, and toastmaster Rachel Caine. The theme for the weekend was "Life, the Universe, and ... you know the drill ... bring your own towel!"
ConQuesT 43 – Held May 25–27, 2012, at the Sheraton Kansas City Hotel at Crown Center, and featured author guests of honor Sharon Lee and Steve Miller, fan guest Tim Miller (of FenCon), artist guest Ursula Vernon, editor guest Gardner Dozois, and toastmaster Susan Satterfield. The theme for the weekend was "Into the Unknown".
ConQuesT 44 – Held May 24–26, 2013, at the Holiday Inn CoCo Key Water Resort (eastern Kansas City, Missouri), and featured guests of honor Patrick Rothfuss, fan guest Christopher Garcia, artist guest John Picacio, editor guest Teresa Nielsen Hayden, comics guest John Kovalic, and toastmaster Patricia C. Wrede. Other program participants included fantasy authors George R. R. Martin and Bradley Denton. The theme for the convention weekend was "Magic, Mystery & Mayhem".
ConQuesT 45 – Held May 23–25, 2014, at the Kansas City Marriott Downtown, and featured guests of honor Glen Cook, fan guests Barb and Ray VanTillburg, artist guest David Lee Pancake, science guest Bridget Landry of JPL, and toastmaster Caroline Spector. The theme was "Fantasy and Science Fiction Noir".
ConQuesT 46 – Held May 22–24, 2015, at the Kansas City Marriott Downtown, and featured guests of honor Brandon Sanderson, fan guest Mark Oshiro, artist guest Nene Thomas, editor guest George R. R. Martin, and toastmaster Selina Rosen. The convention's theme was "The Adventure Begins HERE!", an homage to role play gaming.
ConQuesT 47 – Held May 27–29, 2016, at the Sheraton Kansas City Hotel at Crown Center, and featured guests of honor Nnedi Okorafor, fan guest Diane Lacey, artist guest Julie Dillon, and "toast" (toastmaster) Seanan McGuire. The convention's theme was "Prime".
ConQuesT 48 – Held May 26–28, 2017, at the Sheraton Kansas City Hotel at Crown Center, and featured guests of honor Robert J. Sawyer, fan guest Zac Zacarola, artist guest Rachel Mayo, and toastmaster Jonathan Maberry. No convention theme was adopted.
ConQuesT 49 – Held May 25–27, 2018, at the Sheraton Kansas City Hotel at Crown Center, and featured writer guest of honor Steven Barnes, fan guest Aurora Celeste, artist guest Elizabeth Leggett, toastmaster Scott Washington, and special guest Matt Jacobson. The convention theme was "Exploring Unexpected Worlds".
ConQuesT 50 – Held May 24–26, 2019 at the Sheraton Kansas City Hotel at Crown Center, and featured writer guest of honor Timothy Zahn, artist guest of honor Charles Urbach, and fan guests of honor Jennifer and James Liang. The convention's theme was "Mad Science and Experimental Wizardry".




= 2020s

=
ConQuesT 51 – Canceled due to the world-wide Covid-19 pandemic. The convention was to have been held on its usual Memorial Day holiday weekend, 2020, at the Sheraton Kansas City Hotel at Crown Center. The Writer Guest of Honor was to have been Mary Robinette Kowal, the Artist Guest of Honor was to have been Toni L. Taylor, and the Fan Guest of Honor was to have been Jim Young. No convention theme had been announced at the time the convention was canceled on March 29, 2020.
ConQuesT 52 – Due to the on-going world-wide Covid-19 pandemic, the convention was held virtually on-line at the ConQuesT website and the Discord platform during the three day Memorial Day weekend, May 28–30, 2021. Becky Chambers was the Writer Guest of Honor. Dan Wells was also the Writer Guest of Honor. Toni L. Taylor was the Artist Guest of Honor. The convention theme was "The Future Is Now (and Then)".
ConQuesT 53 – Held May 27–29, 2022 at the Sheraton Kansas City Hotel at Crown Center, and featured writer guest of honor Fonda Lee, artist guest of honor Donato Giancola, and fan guests of honor Ken Keller (founder of ConQuesT & KaCSFFS) and Jim Young. Theodore Sturgeon Memorial Award winner Jessica Campbell was also a special guest of honor. No convention theme was announced, but it was ConQuesT's 50th anniversary (1972-2022).
ConQuest 54 - Held June 4-6, 2023 at the Kansas City Airport Hilton, and featured author guests of honor Mary Robinette Kowal and Janci Patterson, artist guest of honor Sara Felix, and fan guests of honor Pros and Cons Cosplay.




= Forthcoming

=
ConQuesT 55 will be held in 2024. Details to follow.




References






= Citations

=




= Bibliography

=
Sooby, David (editor). The Handbook of the Kansas City Science Fiction & Fantasy Society, Version 2.1. KaCSFFS Press, 2002. No ISBN. Contains convention listings through 2002.




External links


ConQuesT home page

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Josef Stalin
• Stuart Conquest
• Conquest (film 1937)
• 1492: Conquest of Paradise
• Robert Conquest
• The Great Terror
• Castles II: Siege and Conquest
• The Conquest of Bread
• Perbandingan Nazisme dengan Stalinisme
• Britania Raya
• Conquest
• CONQUEST
• Norman Conquest
• Muslim conquests
• The Conquest
• ConQuesT
• Joseph Stalin
• Muslim conquest of Persia
• Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
• Early Muslim conquests