- Source: Convoy HX 231
Convoy HX 231 was the 231st of the numbered series of Second World War HX convoys of merchant ships from HalifaX to Liverpool. The ships departed New York City on 25 March 1943 and were met on 31 March by Mid-Ocean Escort Force Group B-7. The convoy was found on 4 April and attacked by eleven U-boats of the 1st, 3rd, 6th and 10th U-boat flotillas, from Brest, La Rochelle, St Nazaire and Lorient, respectively. These U-boats formed wolfpack Löwenherz' (Lionheart). The U-boats sank six ships before losing contact on 7 April. Two U-boats, U-632 and U-635, were sunk. The convoy reached Liverpool on 10 April.
Ships in the convoy
References
Bibliography
Gretton, Peter (1974). Crisis Convoy. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-925-1.
Further reading
Hague, Arnold (2000). The Allied Convoy System 1939–1945. ISBN 1-86176-147-3.
Rohwer, Jürgen; Hümmelchen, Gerhard (2005) [1972]. Chronology of the War at Sea, 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two (3rd rev. ed.). London: Chatham. ISBN 978-1-86176-257-3.
External links
Hague, Arnold. "Convoy HX.231". HX Convoy Series. Don Kindell, Convoyweb.