• Source: Covering problem of Rado

The covering problem of Rado is an unsolved problem in geometry concerning covering planar sets by squares. It was formulated in 1928 by Tibor Radó and has been generalized to more general shapes and higher dimensions by Richard Rado.




Formulation


In a letter to Wacław Sierpiński, motivated by some results of Giuseppe Vitali, Tibor Radó observed that for every covering of a unit interval, one can select a subset consisting of pairwise disjoint intervals with total length at least 1/2 and that this number cannot be improved. He then asked for an analogous statement in the plane.

If the area of the union of a finite set of squares in the plane with parallel sides is one, what is the guaranteed maximum total area of a pairwise disjoint subset?
Radó proved that this number is at least 1/9 and conjectured that it is at least 1/4 a constant which cannot be further improved. This assertion was proved for the case of equal squares independently by A. Sokolin, R. Rado, and V. A. Zalgaller. However, in 1973, Miklós Ajtai disproved Radó's conjecture, by constructing a system of squares of two different sizes for which any subsystem consisting of disjoint squares covers the area at most 1/4 − 1/1728 ≈ 0.2494 of the total area covered by the system.




Upper and lower bounds


Problems analogous to Tibor Radó's conjecture but involving other shapes were considered by Richard Rado starting in late 1940s. A typical setting is a finite family of convex figures in the Euclidean space Rd that are homothetic to a given X, for example, a square as in the original question, a disk, or a d-dimensional cube. Let




F
(
X
)
=

inf

S



sup

I






|

I

|




|

S

|




,


{\displaystyle F(X)=\inf _{S}\sup _{I}{\frac {|I|}{|S|}},}


where S ranges over finite families just described, and for a given family S, I ranges over all subfamilies that are independent, i.e. consist of disjoint sets, and bars denote the total volume (or area, in the plane case). Although the exact value of F(X) is not known for any two-dimensional convex X, much work was devoted to establishing upper and lower bounds in various classes of shapes. By considering only families consisting of sets that are parallel and congruent to X, one similarly defines f(X), which turned out to be much easier to study. Thus, R. Rado proved that if X is a triangle, f(X) is exactly 1/6 and if X is a centrally symmetric hexagon, f(X) is equal to 1/4.
In 2008, Sergey Bereg, Adrian Dumitrescu, and Minghui Jiang established new bounds for various F(X) and f(X) that improve upon earlier results of R. Rado and V. A. Zalgaller. In particular, they proved that




0.1179
≈


1
8.4797


≤
F
(


square


)
≤


1
4


−


1
384


≈
0.2474
,


{\displaystyle 0.1179\approx {\frac {1}{8.4797}}\leq F({\textrm {square}})\leq {\frac {1}{4}}-{\frac {1}{384}}\approx 0.2474,}


and that



f
(
X
)
≥


1
6




{\displaystyle f(X)\geq {\frac {1}{6}}}

for any convex planar X.




References


Ajtai, Miklós (1973), "The solution of a problem of T. Radó", Bulletin de l'Académie Polonaise des Sciences, Série des Sciences Mathématiques, Astronomiques et Physiques, 21: 61–63, MR 0319053
Bereg, Sergey; Dumitrescu, Adrian; Jiang, Minghui (2010), "On covering problems of Rado", Algorithmica, 57 (3): 538–561, doi:10.1007/s00453-009-9298-z, MR 2609053; preliminary announcement in SWAT 2008, doi:10.1007/978-3-540-69903-3_27
Croft, Hallard T.; Falconer, Kenneth J.; Guy, Richard K. (1991), Unsolved Problems in Geometry, Problem Books in Mathematics, New York: Springer-Verlag, doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-0963-8, ISBN 0-387-97506-3, MR 1107516
Radó, Tibor (1928), "Sur un problème relatif à un théorème de Vitali", Fundamenta Mathematicae, 11: 228–229, JFM 54.0098.02
Rado, Richard (1949), "Some covering theorems (I)", Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, Second Series, 51: 232–264, doi:10.1112/plms/s2-51.3.232, MR 0030782 —— (1951), "Some covering theorems (II)", Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, Second Series, 53: 243–267, doi:10.1112/plms/s2-53.4.243, MR 0042149
Sokolin, A. (1940), "Concerning a problem of Radó", Proceedings of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 26: 871–872, Zbl 0023.11203
Zalgaller, V. A. (1960), "Замечания о задаче Радо", Математика, ее преподавание, приложения и история, Matematicheskoe Prosveshchenie, Ser. 2 (in Russian), vol. 5, pp. 141–148, Zbl 0145.19203

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