74 min
- Source: Dagur language
The Dagur, Daghur, Dahur, or Daur language, is a Mongolic language, as well as a distinct branch of the Mongolic language family, and is primarily spoken by members of the Daur ethnic group.
There is no written standard in use, although a Pinyin-based orthography has been devised; instead the Dagur make use of Mongolian or Chinese, as most speakers know these languages as well. During the time of the Qing dynasty, Dagur was written with the Manchu alphabet.
Distribution
Dagur is a Mongolic language consisting of five dialects:
Amur Dagur in the vicinity of Heihe (original homeland). About 400 people.
Nonni Dagur on the west side of the Nonni River from south of Qiqihar up to Morin Dawa Daur Autonomous Banner. Speakers of Nonni Dagur are usually grouped into the following 4 dialects:
Morin Daba Dagur, in Morin Dawa Daur Autonomous Banner (Moli Daba) of Hulun Buir League, Inner Mongolia
Butha (Buteha) (Northern) Dagur, immediately south of Morin Dawa Daur Autonomous Banner
Tsitsikar (Southern) Dagur, in Tsitsikar (Qiqihar) City and surrounding areas
Mergen Dagur or Nenjiang Dagur, in Nenjiang County (formerly Mergen County) of Heilongjiang Province
Hailar Dagur to the south-east of Hailar in Ewenki Autonomous Banner
Sinkiang Dagur in Xinjiang in the vicinity of Tacheng
Phonology
Dagur phonology is peculiar in that some of its dialects have developed a set of labialized consonants (e.g. /sʷar/ 'flea' vs. /sar/ 'moon'), while it shares palatalized consonants with most Mongolian dialects that have not been developed in the other Mongolic languages. It also has /f/, which is, however, limited to loan words. Word-final short vowels were lost and historically short vowels in non-initial syllables have lost phoneme status. Dagur is the only Mongolic language to share this development with Mongolian (i.e. Mongolian proper, Oirat, Buryat). Due to the merger of /ɔ/ and /ʊ/ with /o/ and /u/, vowel harmony was lost. According to Tsumagari (2003), vowel harmony is still a productive synchronic phonotactic aspect of Dagur in which initial syllable long vowels are divided into "masculine" (back), "feminine" (front), and neutral groups. Likewise, suffixal long vowels must agree in harmonic group with the root.
= Vowels
== Consonants
=Writing system
Grammar
Dagur has a pronominal system that distinguishes between first person plural inclusive /bed/ and exclusive /baː/ and, even more archaic, it distinguishes between third person singular /iːn/ and plural /aːn/. While the phoneme /t͡ʃ/ (< *t͡ʃʰ) has been retained, the second person singular pronoun has become /ʃiː/ nevertheless, resembling a more thorough sound change in Khorchin Mongolian. The second person plural is retained as /taː/. The genitive and accusative have fused in some variants, becoming –ji, and the ablative may assume the form of the instrumental case. The old comitative has been lost, while the innovated comitative is the same as in Mongolian. In addition, several other cases have been innovated that are not shared by Mongolian, including a new allative, -maji.
Dagur has a fairly simple tense-aspect system consisting of the nonpast markers -/bəi/ and (marginally) -/n/ and the past forms -/sən/ and (marginally) /la/ and the non-finite imperfective marker -/d͡ʒa/-. These may be inflected for person. The attributive particle forms are limited to –/ɡʷ/ (< Written Mongolian -γ-a) for imperfective aspect and future tense, -sən (< -γsan) for perfective aspect, -/ɡat͡ʃ/ (< -gči) for habituality (instead of -daγ which used to fulfil this function) and -/mar/ for potential and probable actions. It has acquired a highly complex converbal system containing several innovations. Notably, -mar which is a participle in Mongolian serves as a converb as well.
= Grammatical case suffix table
== Personal reflexive relationship suffixes
== Imperative verb suffixes
== Declarative verb suffixes
== Pronouns' verb suffixes
=Present future tensse
Past tense
= Adverb suffixes
== Personal pronouns
=Lexicon
It is estimated that out of Dagur's entire language vocabulary, over half is Mongolic in origin. Additionally, while Dagur has over 50% common Mongolic vocabulary, it has borrowed 5 to 10% of its words from Chinese, as well as 10% of its words from Manchu, and a small number vocabulary borrowed from Evenki and Russian – leaving about 20% vocabulary that is specific to Dagur only.
= Middle Mongol words
=Dagur retains quite a few archaic Mongolic words, and although they are not commonly found in the modern Mongolic languages, they do appear in Middle Mongol sources, like the Hua-Yi yiyu and The Secret History of the Mongols. These words include:
tergul ~ terwul (тэргул ~ тервул) ‘road’ (in Mongol *jam)
najir (нажийр) ‘summer’ (Mongol *jun)
xeky (хэкый) ‘head’ (Mongol *tologai)
sorby (сорбый) ‘staff’ (Mongol *tayag)
kasoo (касоо) ‘iron’
saur (саур) ‘spade’
ogw (огв) ‘brain’
basert (басерть) ‘kidney’
twalcig (твалциг) ‘knee’
kataa (катаа) ‘salt’
warkel (варкэль) ‘clothes’
el- (эл-) ‘to say’ (cf. Mongol *kele-)
= Numerals
=All basic numerals are of Mongolic origin.
References
Bibliography
Chuluu, Üjiyediin (1994), Introduction, Grammar, and Sample Sentences for Dagur (PDF), Sino-Platonic Papers, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania
Engkebatu (2001): Cing ulus-un üy-e-dü dagur kele-ber bicigdegsen jokiyal-ud-un sudulul. Kökeqota: Öbür monggol-un yeke surgaguli-yin keblel-ün qoriy-a.
Namcarai; Qaserdeni (1983), Daγur kele ba mongγul kelen-ü qaričaγulul, Öbür mongγul-un arad-un keblel-ün qoriy-a, OCLC 45024952
Oyunčimeg, ed. (2004), Mongγul sudulul-un nebterkei toli, Kökeqota: Öbür mongγul-un arad-un keblel-ün qoriy-a, ISBN 978-7-204-07745-8, OCLC 67279589
Sengge (2004): Daγur kele. In: Oyunčimeg 2004: 616-617.
Sengge (2004a): Daγur kelen-ü abiy-a. In: Oyunčimeg 2004: 618.
Sengge (2004b): Daγur kelen-ü üges. In: Oyunčimeg 2004: 619.
Sengge (2004c): Daγur kelen-ü kele ǰüi. In: Oyunčimeg 2004: 618-622.
Tsumagari, Toshiro (2003): Dagur. In: Janhunen, Juha (ed.) (2003): The Mongolic languages. London: Routledge: 129-153.
Yu, Wonsoo, Jae-il Kwon, Moon-Jeong Choi, Yong-kwon Shin, Borjigin Bayarmend, Luvsandorj[in] Bold (2008): A study of the Tacheng dialect of the Dagur language. Seoul: Seoul National University Press
External links
Unicode Manchu/Sibe/Dagur Fonts and Keyboards
Learning Dagur (in Chinese)
Kata Kunci Pencarian:
- Bahasa Daur
- Rumpun bahasa Jermanik
- Mongolia Dalam
- Dagur language
- Dagur
- Daur people
- Mongolian language
- List of endangered languages in China
- Jón Dagur Þorsteinsson
- Dagur Dan Þórhallsson
- Icelandic language
- Dagur Kári
- Icelandic Language Day
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