• Source: Dictyonema

Dictyonema is a genus of mainly tropical basidiolichens in the family Hygrophoraceae.




The Dictyonema symbiosis


Most lichens are a symbiosis between an ascomycete fungus and a photosynthetic green alga. However, a small percentage of lichens (approximately 10%) are cyanolichens and contain a photosynthetic cyanobacterium instead of green algae, and an even smaller number (less than 1%) are basidiolichens and contain a basidiomycete fungus instead of an ascomycete. This makes Dictyonema more closely related to mushrooms than it is to most other lichens.




Taxonomy and naming


The genus Dictyonema was first named in 1822 by Carl Agardh and Carl Kunth after examining a novel fungus that was sent to them from Brazil. The genus was redefined in 1978 when Erast Parmasto assessed 40 different species of basidiolichens that were previously divided into 3 families and 8 genera (including Cora, Dichonema, Laudatea, Rhipidonema, and Thelephora), and reduced them to 5 species in the single genus Dictyonema. This resulted in a rather diverse group of lichens that has since grown in size to more than 20 species. There is, however, some recent debate over whether or not all of these species should be included in the same genus.




Species


As of October 2024, Species Fungorum (in the Catalogue of Life) accept 38 species in Dictyonema.

Dictyonema aeruginosulum Lücking, Nelsen & Will-Wolf (2013)
Dictyonema album Lücking & Timdal (2016) – Africa
Dictyonema andinum V.Marcano (2022)
Dictyonema applanatum Lücking, Dal-Forno & Wilk (2013) – Bolivia
Dictyonema barbatum Dal-Forno, Bungartz & Lücking (2017) – Galápagos Islands
Dictyonema caespitosum (Johow) Lücking (2013)
Dictyonema coppinsii Lücking, Barrie & Genney (2014) – Europe
Dictyonema darwinianum Dal-Forno, Bungartz & Lücking (2017) – Galápagos Islands
Dictyonema diducens Nyl. ex Lücking (2013)
Dictyonema discocarpum Lücking, Dal-Forno & Wilk (2013) – Bolivia
Dictyonema duidense V.Marcano (2022)
Dictyonema giganteum L.Y.Vargas, Moncada & Lücking (2014) – Colombia
Dictyonema gomezianum Lücking, Dal-Forno & Lawrey (2015)
Dictyonema guadalupense (Rabenh. ex Sacc.) Zahlbr. (1908)
Dictyonema hapteriferum Lücking, Dal-Forno & Wilk (2013) – Bolivia
Dictyonema hernandezii Lücking, Lawrey & Dal-Forno (2011)
Dictyonema huaorani Dal-Forno, Schmull, Lücking & Lawrey (2014)
Dictyonema irpicinum Mont. (1848)
Dictyonema irrigatum (Berk. & M.A.Curtis) Lücking (2013)
Dictyonema krogiae Lücking & Timdal (2016) – Africa
Dictyonema laurae V.Marcano (2022)
Dictyonema lawreyi Dal Forno, Kaminsky & Lücking (2019)
Dictyonema ligulatum (Kremp.) Zahlbr. (1908)
Dictyonema metallicum Lücking, Dal-Forno & Lawrey (2013)
Dictyonema moorei (Nyl.) Henssen (1963)
Dictyonema obscuratum Lücking, A.A.Spielm. & Marcelli (2013)
Dictyonema pectinatum Dal-Forno, Yánez & Lücking (2012) – Galápagos Islands
Dictyonema phyllophilum (Parmasto) Lücking, Dal-Forno & Lawrey (2013)
Dictyonema ramificans Dal-Forno, Yánez-Ayabaca & Lücking (2017) – Galápagos Islands
Dictyonema reticulatum (Berk.) Zahlbr. (1931)
Dictyonema scabridum (Vain.) Lücking (2013)
Dictyonema subinvolutum V.Marcano (2022)
Dictyonema subobscuratum Dal-Forno, Bungartz & Lücking (2017) – Galápagos Islands
Dictyonema subsericeum V.Marcano (2022)
Dictyonema thelephora (Spreng.) Zahlbr. (1931)
Dictyonema tricolor Lücking & Timdal (2016) – Africa
Dictyonema umbricola V.Marcano (2022)
Dictyonema yunnanum D.Liu, X.Y.Wang & Li S.Wang (2018) – China




Morphology and ecology


Dictyonema is a diverse group of lichens. There are species of a variety of different shapes, including foliose, crustose, and filamentous. Most species grow on soil, rock, moss, or rotting logs, but one species grows on the leaves of trees. Although species of Dictyonema are mainly tropical, they range from the tropical lowlands to an elevation of 4,300 m (14,100 ft) in the Andes.




Evolutionary relationships and lichenization


The Dictyonema fungus is a basidiomycete, so it developed lichenization independently from the ascomycete lichens. Within the basidiomycetes, Dictyonema is closely related to three other genera of basidiolichens that are also in the family Hygrophoraceae: Lichenomphalia, Acantholichen, and Cyphellostereum. The molecular data indicates that lichenization has evolved independently at least twice, and perhaps three times, within these four genera, which suggests that for some reason the fungi in Hygrophoraceae are predisposed to evolve into lichens. The majority of the other, non-lichenized fungi in this family are saprotrophic (consuming decaying organic matter) or ectomycorrhizal (symbiotic with plant roots), although numerous species, such as Arrhenia, grow on mosses and derive nutrition from them. It is not yet understood why these fungi are more inclined to become lichens.




Traditional use


An unidentified species of Dictyonema is called nenendape by the Huaorani people of Amazon jungle of Ecuador. An infusion made with this lichen is said to cause intense hallucinations, and it is used by the shaman to call upon malevolent spirits to curse people. It is also used to cause sterility.




See also


List of Agaricales genera




References



Media related to Dictyonema at Wikimedia Commons

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Dictyonema
• Dictyonema huaorani
• Dictyonema barbatum
• Dictyonema (graptolite)
• Dictyonema darwinianum
• Dictyonema hernandezii
• Dictyonema metallicum
• Waorani people
• Dictyonema lawreyi
• Dictyonema krogiae